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GENERAL HISTORY
OF
BIRDS.
BY JOHN LATHAM, M.D.
Acap. Cas. Nat. Curios, Rec. Hotm. eT Soc. Nat. Scrut. BEeROLIN. &c. &e.
VOL. VI.
WINCHESTER:
PRINTED BY JACOB AND JOHNSON, FOR THE AUTHOR :—SOLD IN LONDON BY G. AND W. B, WHITTAKER, AVE-MARIA-LANE; JOHN WARREN, BOND-STREET, W. woop, 428, sTRAND; AND J. MAWMAN, 39, LUDGATE-STREET.
1823.
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Directions for placing the Plates.
So Plate 983 VARIEGATED Tanager, to face - Page = 94 Capital Tanager - - = = < 95 Crimson-crowned Finch - - - = 96 Parrot Finch - - = = = bs 97 Duree Finch - - c = a =
98 Abyssinian Plant-Cutter
98* Cawnpore Flycatcher - - - = - 99 Fantail Flycatcher - = = = = 100 Red-bellied Flycatcher = = = =
101 Crimson-bellied Flycatcher - - - -
102. Peruvian Flycatcher = = = = x 103 New Zealand Lark - - = = = 104 Pied Wagtail = = = 2 = 4
104* Southern Wagtail = E 2 =
ORDER III.
1 Red-breasted Tanager
2 Brazilian
A Spotted
B Var. 3 Olive
A Var. 4 Red
A Scarlet 5 Yellow-headed 6 Mississippi
A Var. 7 Summer
A Variegated 8 Louisiane 9 Grand 10 Crested 11 Black-faced 12 Hooded 13 Black-headed 14 Furrow-clawed 15 Red-throated 16 Red-headed 17 Archbishop 18 Bishop
A Var.
(CONTINUED.)
19 Showy
20 Sayacu
21 Spotted green
22 Spotted emerald
23 Green
24 Jacarini
25 White-headed
26 Yellow
27 Silent
28 Cerulean
29 Capital
30 Green-headed A Var.
31 Paradise
32 Golden
33 Negro
34. Violet
35 Turquoise
36 St. Domingo
37 Rufous-headed A Var. B Var.
38 Tuneful
39 Yellow-fronted
AO Virescent
PASSERINE.
GENUS XLIIT.—TANAGER.
41 Variable 42 Grey-headed 43 Red-bellied
A Var.
B Var.
C Var. 44 Black and Blue 45 Blue 46 Blue-shouldered 47 Elegant 48 Black-crowned 49 Black-capped. 50 Black 51 Malimbic 52 Crimson-throated 53 Divaricated 54 Red-billed 55 Jew 56 White-billed 57 Red-sided 58 Orange-billed 59 Poppy 60 Red-crested 61 Paraguan
BIL conoid, a little inclining towards the point, the upper
mandible more or less ridged, and frequently notched near the end. VOL VI. B
2 TANAGER.
Birds of this Genus were generally supposed only to inhabit the warmer parts of America, but there have been specimens obtained from India and Africa, with bills so exactly corresponding with the Tanagers, as justify our entering them among the rest of the Genus.
1.—RED-BREASTED TANAGER.
Tanagra Jacapa, Ind. Orn. i. 419. Lin.i. 313. Gm. Lin.i. 888. Lanius Carbo, Pall. Adumb. 114.
Cardinalis purpurea,. Bris. iii. 49. t..3. £.2. 3? Id. 8vo.i. 317. Tangara purpurea, Spalowsk. ii. t. 38.
Avis Americana, Cardinalis niger dicta, Gerin. iii. t. 334. Ramphopis.Jacapa,; Shaw’s Zool. ix. p. 439.
Le Bec d’Argent, Cardinal pourpre, Buf. iv. 259. Pl. enl. 128. 12. Ramphocele Bec d’Argent, Desm. Tang. pl. 30.31.
Red-breasted Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. 214. Edw. pl. 267.
SIZE of a Sparrow; length six inches and a half. Bill stout, and black, except the base of the lower mandible, which is singu- larly rounded at the back part, broad, and silvery white; irides brown ; the plumage in general is black, glossed with purple, except the chin, throat, and breast, which are deep crimson; the fore part of the head is also crimson in some specimens, and I have observed one, in which all the under parts, quite to the vent, were crimson.
The female has not the conspicuous character of the under man- dible so strongly marked as the male; the plumage dull purplish brown; beneath reddish; wings and tail brown; legs in both sexes brown.
Inhabits Cayenne, Guiana, Mexico, and other parts of America, living only on fruits ; comes frequently near habitations, and into the gardens, generally seen in pairs: the nest is of a cylindrical form, a trifle curved, six inches long, and four inches and a half in diameter, composed of dried fibres and leaves, and lined with the latter; it is fastened to the horizontal branch of a low tree, the opening beneath : the female Jays two white eggs, marked ,with small, pale red spots,
TANAGER. 3
chiefly at the large end. The want of the character of the under mandible in Brisson’s plate, and the Pl. enlum. may mislead, but Edwards’s figure expresses the bird perfectly. As to the reference of Linnzus to Brisson’s Muscicapa,* it is a different bird, of twice the size of the one here described ; and, as it appears to us, belonging to the Chatterers.
2.—BRAZILIAN TANAGER.
Tanagra Brazilia, Ind. Orn. i. 420. Lin.i. 314. Gm. Lin. i. 888. Borowsk, iii. 174. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 241.
Loxia Mexicana, Ind. Orn.i. 377. Lin.i. 300. Gm. Lin.i. 848.
Coccothraustes Mexicana, Bris. ni. 256: Id. 8vo.i. 380.
Cardinelis, Bris. iii. 42. t. 3. f.1. .Id. 8vo.i. 315. Pl. enl. 127. 1.
Cardinalis non cristatus, Gerin. ili. 355. 2.
Avis Mexicana, &c. Seba,i. 101. t. 65. f.1.
Tanagra rudis, Ind. Orn. Sup. xlvii. Mus. Carls. iv. t. 94.
Passer erythromelas, Tije piranga, Raii,87. Will. 183. Td. Engl. 251.§ 8.
Chiltototl, Razz, 169. 173.
Ramphopis Brasilia, Gen. Zool. x. 440.
Ramphocele scarlatte, Desm. Tang. pl. 28. 29.
Passer Indicus porphyromelas, Raz, 87. Will. 183. Id. Engl. 251. § 8.
Brasilian Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. 215. Nat. Misc. pl. 234.—male.
Rude Tanager, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 205. 3.—female. *
A TRIFLE larger than a House Sparrow; length six inches. Bill black, in the middle a small process, the under mandible white half way from the base, and continued far backwards; the whole body fine crimson, except the thighs, which are black; lesser wing coverts black, mixed with crimson; the rest of the coverts, quills, tail, and legs; of a full black ; the base of the feathers is also black throughout, only the ends being crimson; the feathers about the head and neck are rather shorter than the rest, not unlike velvet.
The female is about the size of the male. Bill pale horn-colour ; plumage above dark brown; crown of the head darker; round the
* Musc. Cayen. nigra, T. ii. 386. tab. 38. £3. B2
4 TANAGER.
neck, the chin, throat, and breast, pale ash-colour; from thence the under parts are pale ferruginous; quills and tail dusky, the former short, only reaching a little beyond the base; legs dusky.
Both sexes were in the collection of Gen. Davies, brought from Rio Janeiro; it is called in Brazil, Tijé, and is there very common.
Inhabits also Mexico, Brazil, and other parts of South America. Buffon mentions Canada also, but we have never seen any from thence. It is a much rarer species than the red, or following.
A.—Cardinalis nevius, Bris. iii. 44. Id. 8vo. i. 215. Gen. Syn. ii. 216. A.
Bill as in the last. General colour of the plumage crimson ;
breast, and upper part of the back, marked with greenish lunated spots; wings, tail, and legs, black.
B.—Cardinalis torquatus, Bris. iii. 45. Id. 8vo. i. 316. Passer cyanerythromelas, &c. Rati, 87. Will. 185. Rumpless blue and red Indian Sparrow, Will. Engl. 252. Gen. Syn. iii. 216. B.
Bill black, near the forehead white; plumage crimson, with two semilunar blue spots on the sides of the neck; wings and tail black ; lesser wing coverts and margins of the first blue; legs short, and black.—Inhabits Brazil, with the last.
3.—OLIVE TANAGER.
Tanagra olivacea, Ind. Orn. i. 421. Gm. Lin.i. 889. L’olivet, Buf.iv. 269. Desm. Tang. pl. 35. 36. 37. Olive Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. 218. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 237. Shaw’s Zool. x. 457.
LENGTH six inches. Bill bent, pointed; the lower mandible passing much backwards, colour whitish; nostrils at the base, small, the feathers coming close; plumage above fine olive green; beneath to the breast yellow, from thence to the vent yellowish white; sides
TANAGER. D
of the head and neck, and a streak over the eye, yellow; upper wing coverts dusky, deeply margined with greenish yellow; quills dusky, with yellowish edges; tail even, olive, two inches long, colour as the quills, which reach about to one-third ; legs stout, pale; outer and middle toes united at the base.
The female has the body yellowish beneath, and the wings and tail coverts dusky.
Inhabits Cayenne, found also at New York, in North America.
A.—Olive Tanager, Gen. Syn. Sup. 161. A.
This is six inches long; the plumage much the same, but with a white streak in the direction of the lower jaw, as well as one over the eye; lower belly and vent white; legs black.
Found at New York.—-General Davies.
M. Desmarest mentions an Olive Tanager, which is only three inches long; general colour olive-grey, paler beneath; lower belly plain grey. He supposes this to be either an imperfect. young bird ora female. He met with it in the Jardin des Plantes, and only heard thatit came from Cayenne *
4.—RED TANAGER.
Tanagra rubra, Ind. Orn.i. 420. Lin. i. 314. Gm. Lin.i. 889.
Cardinalis Canadensis, Bris. ii. 48. t. f.5. Id. 8vo.i. 316.
Tangara du Canada, Desm. Tang. pl.34.
Red Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. 217. Arct. Zool. ii. No.237. Amer. Orn.ii. pl. 11. f. 3. 4- Shaw’s Zool. x. 462.
LENGTH six inches and a half ; extent of wing ten inches and ahalf. Bill horn-colour; irides cream-colour, plumage in general pale red; wing coverts black; quills brown, margined within with
* See Euphone olive, Desm. T'ang. pl. 27.
6 TANAGER.
white for three quarters from the base; the two nearest the body black ; tail black, a trifle forked, ihe feathers tipped with white; legs bluish black.
The female is wholly green, paler beneath, inclined to yellow.
Inhabits North America, in the collection of General Davies.
It is found, also, as far south at least as Georgia; comes into Pennsylvania the beginning of May, and extends as far as Canada; makes a nest on a horizontal branch of a tree, mostly composed of dry grass, and loosely fabricated ; eggs three, of a dull blue, spotted with dark, purplish mottlings; and generally departs the last week in August; said to breed more than once ina year. These birds chiefly feed on insects, but are fond also of fruits, of which they sometimes make much havock. Mr. Abbot met with it about Sa- vannah, but only a single specimen.
A.—Merula Brasilica, Razi,66. 8. Will.142. Gerin. i. t. 305. Le Scarlat, Tangara du Canada, Buf. iv. 245. Pl. enl. 156. 1. Brasilian Merula, Will. Engl. 193. gv.
Scarlet Sparrow, Edw. pl.343. Gen. Syn.iii. 217. Var. A.
This is seven inches long, and twelve broad. It differs from the other, in not having the tail feathers tipped with white. These are said to be shy birds, and to live for the most part in the deepest woods.
5.—YELLOW-HEADED TANAGER.
Loxia Mexicana, Ind. Orn. 1. 385. Lin:i. 304. Gm. Lin. i. 854. Bris. iii. 97, Id. 8vo.i. 334. Daud. ii. 432. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 266.
Emberiza flava Mexicana, Klein, Av. 92.
Linotte a téte jaune, Buf.iv. 83.°
Yellow-headed Linnet, Edw. pl. 44.
Yellow-headed Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. ii. 140.
LENGTH six inches. Bill pale fiesh-colour ; irides hazel; the head and throat yellow ; behind the eyes a brown band, passing to
TANAGER. 7
the back; body above brown, spotted with black ; beneath paler, spotted with dull brown; quills.and tail blackish ; legs dull brownish flesh-colour.
Inhabits Mexico. This bird has been ranked by different authors under as many Genera, and thought by some to belong to the Gros- beaks, but on attending more closely to the figure given by Edwards, it appears by the bill to be a Tanager, and we have placed it accordingly ; but how far it is a distinct species still remains uncertain. M. Temminck considers it as allied to the Red Tanager, and if so, probably the female, or an imperfect male.
6.—MISSISSIPPI TANAGER.
Tanagra Mississippensis, Ind. Orn. i. 421. Gm. Lin.i. 889. Nat. Misc. i. pl. 693. Vieil.. N. Dict. Hist. Nat. 396. t. 21.
Tangara de Mississippi, Buf. iv. 252. Pl. enl. 741. Desm. Tang. pl. 32. 33.
Le Souiriri rouge, Voy. d’Azara, iii. No. 188.
Mississippi Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. 218. 5. Shaw's Zool. x. 463.
THIS is somewhat larger than the last. The bill bigger and brown, both mandibles curved inwards; differs from the former, in having the wings and tail of the same red colour as ‘the rest. of the plumage, though rather deeper; legs reddish.
Inhabits North America, frequent in the neighbourhood of the river Mississippi; said to sing very agreeably, though much louder than the Red Species. It has the reputation of forming a hoard of maize against winter, in the manner of the Cardinal Grosbeak. Du Pratz affirms it of both these birds, but I have never met with any person who could authenticate such a proceeding. In truth, the bird chiefly feeds on insects and fruits, nor has any maize been ‘found in its stomach on dissection.
8 TANAGER.
A.—Cardinalis Mexicanus, Bris.iii. 46. Jd. 8vo.i. 316. Le Souiriri rouge obscur, Voy. d’ Azara, iii. No. 189? Mexican Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. 219. B. Gen. Zool. x. 465.
Bill cinereous; irides white; head, wings, and tail, the colour of an amethyst; neck behind green; under parts of the body and rump crimson; Beginning of the wings green and red mixed; scapulars yellowish; each wing feather encompassed with a greenish hue, run- ning down from the middle; tail paler towards the tip; legs cine- reous, inclining to violet.
Inhabits Mexico. I suspect this to be the same with Azara’s bird, which he says is seven inches and a half long, and twelve inches in extent; eyelids white; head and neck above rufous brown; wing-coverts black, edged with crimson; rump and under parts crimson ; tail rounded ; feathers of the crown a little elongated ; on the prime quills a spot of black near the ends.
Azara observes, that his bird is found about Paraguay in spring, but is rare, and the male and female much alike; seen on towers, the tops of churches, or other tall buildings, chacing after swallows.
7.—SUMMER TANAGER.
Tanagra estiva, Ind. Orn.i. 422. Gm. Lin. i. 889.
Muscicapa rubra, Lin. i. 326. Bris.ii. 432. Id. 8vo.i. 277.
Fringilla rubra, Klein, 97. 4.
Preneur des mouches rouge, Bufiiv. 585.
Summer Red Bird, Cat. Car.i. pl.56. Edw. pl.329. Am. Orn.i. pl. 6. £.3. 4. Bartr. 288.
Summer Tanager, Gen. Syn. ii. 920. Arct. Zool.ii. No.236. Shaw’s Zool. x. 464.
LENGTH near eight inches; breadth eleven. Bill stout, a trifle bent, enlarged in the middle, and black; eyes large, black; the
whole bird scarlet, brighter beneath, except the tips of the quills, which are dusky red; tail even, feathers rather pointed; legs dusky.
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TANAGER. 9
The female is brownish yellow, or olive green, on the upper parts; full yellow beneath, at first sight appearing wholly yellow ; forehead and above the eye brownish ; quills and tail greenish brown, fringed with green. Young males, at first, are like the females.
Inhabits Carolina and Virginia, in the summer; at that time is also frequent in Georgia: builds the beginning of May ; the nest formed of dried flower stalks outwardly, lined within with hay; the eggs generally five, mottled with brown, with a cast of green. Ac- cording to the Amer. Ornithology, the male has a strong, sonorous whistle, like the trill of a fife, and frequently repeated. The female only cries Chicky-tucky-tuck at the approach of any one, when disturbed ; it frequents the flat sandy country, covered with wood, interspersed with pines; in plenty in Carolina, Georgia, and Florida ; some also in Mexico.
PL. Xciit.
A.—Tanagra variegata, Ind. Orn. i. 421. Gm. Lin. i. 889. 6. B. Loxia variegata, Gm. Lin. i. 849.
Yellow-bellied Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 125? Arct. Zool. ii. No. 215 ? Variegated Tanager, Gen. Syn. in. 219. pl. 46. Shaw’s Zool. x. 463.
Size of the others; bill and legs brown; plumage varied with crimson and greenish buff-colour; the last in patches on the nape of the neck, the whole of the wing, lower part of the back, and middle of the belly; tail half crimson, half greenish buff.
Inhabits America, and is probably a young bird of the Missis- sippi, or Red Tanager, as we are informed, that for the first season, the plumage is mixed in patches with greenish buff, in different proportions according to the age, m the same manner as is seen in the Hooked-billed Red Honey-Eater, the full plumage of which in the adult is fine red.
I have observed some specimens of the Summer Tanager, in
which the red is less bright, inclining to brick-colour. VOL, VI. C
10 TANAGER.
8.—LOUISIANE TANAGER.
Tanagra Ludoviciana, Louisiane Tanager, Amer. Orn. iii. pl. 20. f. 1.
LENGTH six inches. Bill yellowish horn-colour, edges of the upper mandible rugged, as in others of the Genus. Shape of the body like that of the Red Species; fore part of the head, and beyond the eyes light scarlet; back, wings, and tail black; greater wing coverts tipped with yellow ; the next superior row wholly yellow, forming a bar; neck, rump, tail coverts, and the whole of the under parts greenish» yellow ; tail slightly forked, the edges of the feathers whitish, or very pale; legs light blue.
In one, supposed to be a female, or young bird, the wings and back were brownish ; it was also less in size.
Inhabits the extensive plains of the Missouri, between the Osage and Maudan nation, and feeds on various kinds of berries: the nest found in low bushes, and often among the grass.
In the work above quoted, this bird is distinguished from the Red, or Scarlet Tanager; yet, from the description, it seems greatly to approach to that species.
9.—GRAND TANAGER.
Tanagra magna, Ind. Orn.i. 422. Gm. Lin. i. 890.
Le grand Tangara, Buf. iv. 236. pl. 11. Desm. Fang. pl. 43. Tangara des grand bois, Pl. enl. 205. Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal, p.1xx. L’Habia a sourcils blancs, Voy. d’ Azara, i. No. 81. 82?
Grand Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. 220. Shaw’s Zool. x. 442.
SIZE of a Thrush; length eight inches and a half. Bill stout, brown; upper parts of the body olive brown ; fore part and sides of the head blue; over the eye a streak of white; on each side of the lower mandible a black one, like a whisker; the throat red, in the middle of it a white spot; the rest of the under parts pale red; vent
TANAGER. 11
and thighs red; quills and tail olive brown, with pale margins, the latter three inches long.
Inhabits the thick woods about Cayenne and Guiana, sometimes approaching the inhabited, and more open spots, perching on the bushes ; both sexes are much alike as to colour, and mostly together ; the food fruits and imsects: M. d’Azara says, the irides are rufous.— The nest is found on thick bushes, near plantations, placed about the middle of the bush, made of small twigs of the Liane dry, mixed with leaves, with a lining of softer materials; it is of small dimen- sions, about four inches in diameter, and only two and a half within ; the eggs two, fine blue, spotted with black; has a song in pairmg time, varied, and not disagreeable: is sometimes kept in a cage, and will feed on bread, husked maize, fruits, and many other things, swallowing the food whole; but if too large, will break it with the bill.—In the Leverian Museum was a specimen, dark ash-colour on the breast.
One, supposed the female, in the collection of Lord Stanley, is deep dusky ash-colour above, beneath pale greenish ash ; vent and under tail coverts rufous buff; lower part of the thighs, next the joint, pale yellow green; tail three inches and a half long, rounded at the end, the outer feather half an inch shorter than the middle ; all but the two middle ones glossed with green ; over the eye a dusky white streak, but obscure, with a dusky streak on each side of the lower mandible: throat dusky white.
10.—CRESTED TANAGER.
Tanagra cristata, Ind. Orn. i. 422. Lin.i. 317. Gm. Lin.i. 898. Borowsk, iii. 174. Tangara Cayanensis nigra cristata, Bris. Sup. 65. t.4. f.3. Id. 8vo.i. 319.
La Houppette, Buf. iv. 240. Pl. enl. 7. f.2. et 331.2.. Desm. Tang. pl.47.48, 49. Troupiale de Bois noir et couronné, Voy. d’ Azara; iii. No. 77.
Crested Tanager, Gen. Syn. iti, 221. Shaw’s Zool. x. 478.
LENGTH six inches and a quarter. Bill black; head crested,
the crest orange-colour; chin, lower part of the back, and rump C2
12 TANAGER.
pale buff-colour ; the under ridge of the wing, and sides beneath it, edged near the breast with buff; from the bend, for one inch, white; on the scapulars a white streak ; the rest of the plumage black; legs lead-colour.
Individuals vary much in colour: that in Pl. enlum. 301, has an erect crest, striped with orange and black, and wants the buff on the throat ; outer edge of the wing yellow, instead of white; and on the scapulars not a line, but a patch of white; sides of the breast orange, and of the vent ferruginous; bill and legs brown.
One, similar to this, was in the collection of General Davies: the tail three inches long. This came from Cayenne.
In the collection of Lord Stanley, as also in that of Mr. Bullock, is a fine specimen, having the head feathers elongated into a crest, falling over the nape; this is of a beautiful, glossy crimson, but at the beginning, or forehead, buff-colour; plumage in general dusky black ; lower part of the back and rump buff; at the inner bend of the wing a white streak ; under wing coverts white; on the china pale patch of buff; tail two inches and three quarters long; legs brown. This supposed to be the male, the others females, or young birds.
This species is said to be common at Guiana, and lives on the lesser kinds of fruits; the note like that of a Chaffinch; found only in open places. Those which Azara saw in Paraguay were called Saihobis, or Orange-Eaters.
11.—BLACK-FACED TANAGER.
Tanagra melanopis, Ind. Orn.i. 422.
- atra, Gm. Lin.i. 898.
Le Camail, ou la Cravatte, Buf iv. 254. Pl. enl. 714, 2. Desm. Tang. pl. 42. Black-faced Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. 222. Shaw’s Zool. x. 454.
LENGTH seven inches. Bill moderately strong, and black ; base of the upper mandible whitish ; all of the fore part of the head, sides,
TANAGER. 13
chin, and fore part of the neck black, ending in a point at the breast ; the rest of the plumage ash-colour, paler beneath; quills and tail deepest, the last rounded at the end; legs dusky.
In the female the head and fore parts are brown, where the male is black; and the upper parts of the body pale yellowish ash-colour ; beneath paler than above.
Inhabits the open parts of Guiana, and Cayenne; but is not common.
12.—HOODED TANAGER.
MALE. Tanagra pileata, Ind. Orn. i. 423. Gm. Lin.i. 898.
La Coiffe noire, Buf. iv. 284. Pl. enl. 720. 2. Desm. Tan. pl. 41, Le Bec en poingon bleu et blanc, Voy. d’Azara, iii. No. 105. Hooded Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. 223. Shaw’s Zool. x. 443.
SIZE of a Hedge Sparrow; length about four inches. _ Bill dusky ; top of the head and sides black, passing down on each side of the neck, ending in a point near the wing; between the bill and eye a small white spot; the rest of the upper parts of the neck, body, wings, and tail, bluish ash-colour, deeper on the two last ; beneath as far as the breast white, from thence to the vent greyish, or silvery white ; legs dusky.
FEMALE.
Tangara Brasiliensis cinerea, Bris. ili. 17. Id. 8vyo.i. 308. Tijepiranga 2da Species, Razi, 89. Will.184. Id. Engl. 251.
Size of the other, but wants the black on the head; the upper parts wholly bluish ash-colour; the under white. These inhabit Guiana and Brazil.
14 TANAGER.
13.—BLACK-HEADED TANAGER.
Tanagra atricapilla, Ind. Orn.i. 224. Gm. Lin.i. 899.
Le Mordoré, Buf. iv. 255.
Tangara jaune a téte noire, P/. end. 809. 2.
Black-headed Tanager, Gen. Syn. iil. 224. Shaw’s Zool. x. 443,
LENGTH seven inches. Bill stout, dusky black ; head, wings, and tail, fine glossy black, on the inner edge of the wing a dash of white ; the rest of the body fine rufous orange, (mordoré) deepest on the fore part of the neck and breast; the tail is rounded at the end ; legs brown.
Inhabits Guiana, where it is rare.
14.—FURROW-CLAWED 'TANAGER.
Tanagra striata, Ind. Orn. i. 423. ‘Gm. Lin. i. 899.
L’Onglet, Buf. iv. 256.
Lindo bleu, doré, et noir, Voy. d’Azara, ii, No. 94. Furrow-clawed Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. 224, Shaw’s Zool. x, 479.
LENGTH seven inches, breadth eleven; head striped black and blue; upper part of the back black, the lower bright orange; upper tail coverts olive brown; upper wing coverts, quills, and tail black, edged with blue; under parts yellow; claws singularly constructed, each being furrowed on the sides, parallel to the edge.
The female has the head and wing coverts blue, mixed with brown; neck behind, lesser wing coverts, half the back, and two middle tail feathers gilded brown; greater coverts, quills, and tail, dull brown, edged with blue ; fore part of the neck rufous orange ; throat and beneath light brown, darker on the sides.
Inhabits South America; not unfrequent about Paraguay ; and a few at Buenos Ayres. The females seem to be more numerous than the males; but this may be deception, perhaps from both sexes appearing like females while young.
TANAGER. 15
15.—RED-THROATED TANAGER.
Tanagra gularis, Ind. Orn. i. 425, Lin. i. 316. Gm. Lin. i. 824. Cardinalis Americanus, Bris. App. 67. t. 4. f. 4. Id, 8vo. i. 320. Le Rouge Cap, Buf. iv. 267.
Tangara brun d’Amerique, Pl. enl. 155. 2.
- rouge Cap, Desm. Tang. pl. 12, 13, 14.
Le Capita, Voy. d’ Azara, iii, No. 137.
Red-headed Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. 228. Shaw's Zool. x. 461.
- LENGTH seven inches. Bill brown, beneath orange; irides red ; head,* chin, and throat, crimson, tending to a point on the last, and there spotted with purple ; upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, fine glossy black, the under pure white: tail three inches long, and somewhat rounded ; legs dusky.
Male and female nearly alike. The one figured in the Pl. enlum. has the upper parts brown; which, if not a sexual distinction, may perhaps be the dress of a young bird.
Inhabits Guiana and Cayenne, but is not common; found more frequently at Paraguay, and about the river Plate, where it is called Capita and Acapita, or Red Head; by the Spaniards Cardinal ; is seldom seen amidst deep woods, or open plains; the flight short, and the gait progressive by leaps; unites into small flocks in winter, and approaches settlements; bears confinement in a cage, and will feed on all sorts of seeds, as well as insects: said to make a nest like that of the Black-faced Finch, and to lay four eggs: the irides and legs, in some, are red.
16.—RED-HEADED TANAGER.
Tanagra gyrola, Ind. Orn. i. 427. Lin.i. 315. Gm. Lin. i. 891. Tangara Peruviana viridis, Bris, iii. 23. t. 4.1. Jd. 8vo. i. 310. Fringillago viridis capite rubro, Gerin. iii. 333. 2.
* In Linneus’s description, the head is called black, ‘ capite nigro;”’ but I apprehend this to be a mistake, as he describes from Brisson, whose bird has the head crimson.
16 TANAGER.
Fringilla pectore ceruleo, Klein, 98.
Fringilla viridis capite spadiceo, Act. Petr. xiv. 432. t. 15. f. 4. Var.
Tangara de Perou, Le Rouverdin, Buf. iv. 286, Pl. enl. 133, 2. Desm. Tan. pl. 16. 7.
Tangara tacheté de Cayenne, Pl. en/. 301. 1.—fem.
Red-headed Greenfinch, Edw. pl. 23.
Red-headed Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. 233. Shaw’s Zool. x. 449.
SIZE of a Linnet; length five inches. Bill horn-colour ; general plumage shining green; the whole head rufous; breast pale blue; on the upper part of the wing a yellow spot; quills and tail brown, edged with green; the two middle feathers of the last wholly green; legs pale brown.
Inhabits Cayenne, and other parts of South America. Is met with at Guiana two or three times in a year, and frequents large trees, which grow in the forests, in great numbers, to eat the fruits as they ripen; and disappears when such food begins to fail.
That described in the Petersburgh Transactions, has the thighs pale chestnut.
The head of the bird figured by Edwards is dull scarlet, and the neck surrounded with a yellow ring ; the breast blue, the rest of the body green.
One in Lord Stanley’s collection is five inches and a half long. Head and sides of the chin rufous; rest of the plumage above fine green; beneath paler, with a bluish tinge ; thighs rufous; the wings of one colour, without any yellow spot, as in that figured in the P27. enlum; legs black.
The above seem to be mere differences from age or sex.
17.—ARCHBISHOP TANAGER. Tangara Archévéque, Desm. Tang. pl. 17. 18.
LENGTH seven inches. Bill and legs black; the head, neck, and back greyish violet; lower belly and rump grey; back olive ;
TANAGER. 17
quills and tail brown black, edged with yellowish green; lesser wing coverts above golden yellow, beneath white, towards the end dusky. The female is rather smaller: colour grey brown, with a greenish tinge on the upper parts, and with violet beneath; cheeks violet ; quills and tail dusky, edged with greenish ; the upper wing coverts yellow, but less bright than in the male. Specimens of both sexes are in the National Museum, at Paris.
18.—BISHOP TANAGER.
Tanagra Episcopus, Ind. Orn. i. 424. Lin.i. 316. Gm. Lin. i. 896. Bris. iii. 40. t.i. f.2. Hist. Louis. ii. 140. Salern, 277. t. 19. f. 3.
Le Bluet, L’Evéque,. Buf. iv. 265. t.12. Pl. enl. 178. f. 1. 2.
Sayacu, Edw. pl. 351. 1.
Tangara Evéque, Desm. Tang. pl. 15, 16.
Bishop Tanager, Gen. Syn. ii. 226. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 240. Shaw’s Zool. x. p. 447.
LENGTH six inches and a quarter. Bill black; under man- dible greyish ; plumage in general greyish blue, inclining to green in some parts, and to grey in others; the lesser wing coverts mostly blue; legs cinereous.
The female has the head, neck, and back, pale greenish brown : wing coverts pale greenish ash-colour; quills deep brown, base of most of them pale greenish ash, appearing as a patch, at the bottom of the greater wing coverts; quills and tail fine brown; all the under parts pale greenish brown, more so than above ; before the eye, and chin under the bill, pale ash-colour; the quills reach half way on the tail; bill and legs dusky.
In some birds, supposed females, the head, neck, and breast, are blue-green; belly grey; back and wing coverts brown; across the last an oblique greyish bar; quills and tail black, the latter some- what forked.
Inhabits Cayenne; found also in Louisiana, especially about the
skirts of forests, and feeds on the smaller fruits, sometimes in large VOL.VI. . D
18 TANAGER.
flocks, but chiefly in pairs; roosts at night on the palm trees; has little or no song, except a sharp, disagreeable voice may be called so. The inhabitants call it L’Evéque, or Bishop.
A.—Gracula glauca, Mus. Carls. iui. t. 54.
Length seven inches. Bill as the other; wing coverts, at the bend, mixed bluish and white, beneath them whitish; greater quills bluish green; the secondaries almost wholly brown ; tail bluish ; the legs dusky.
19.—SHOWY TANAGER.
Tanagra ornata, Ind. Orn. Sup. xlvii. Mus. Carls. iv. t. 95. Showy Tanager, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii, 205. Shaw’s Zool. x. 466.
LENGTH seven inches. Bill and legs dusky grey; plumage above brownish green, beneath pale grey ; head pale bluish violet ; lesser wing coverts not unlike the back, middle tipped with yellow, making a bar on the wing; the rest brownish green; quills and tail black, the outer margins greenish yellow.
Inhabits the East Indies. One of these, in the collection of Lord Stanley, was a trifle longer: the head, neck, and under parts pale bluish violet; lesser coverts, at the bend of the wing, the same; the second series yellow, forming a patch; like a bar, on the wing; rest of them green; quills and tail dusky, edged with green; back and rump dull dusky green; lower belly and vent yellowish. This seems much allied to the Bishop Tanager.
20.—SAYACU TANAGER.
Tanagra Sayaca, Ind. Orn. i. 425. Lin.i. 416. Gm. Lin. i. 897. Tangara Brasiliensis varia, Bris. iii. 18. Id. 8yo.i. 30.
TANAGER. 19
Tangara tacheté de Cayenne, Sayacu, Buf. iv. 288. Raii, 89. 3. Will.188. Id.
Engl. 256. Salern, 273. 3. Bec en poincon vert et blanc, 4 téte bleu de Ciel, Voy. d’Azara, iil. No. 106.
Sayacu Tanager, Gen. Syn. ii. 227. Shaw’s Zool. x. 446.
LESS than the last. Bill and eyes black; general colour of the plumage cinereous, mixed with sea-green, most so on the upper parts; and the bird, if exposed to the sun, appears very glossy.
Inhabits Cayenne, with the Bishop Tanager, but more rare; is called by the natives Sayacou. Some have thought this to be the young of the Paradise 'Tanager,* but it seems a differently made bird, and the tail shorter.
21—SPOTTED GREEN TANAGER.
Tanagra punctata, Ind. Orn.i. 425. Lin.i. 316. Gm, Lin. i. 897. Bris. iii. 19. t.4, f.2. Jd. 8vo.i. 309.
Le Syacou, Buf. iv. 288. Desm. Tang. p. 8. 9.
Tangara verd tacheté, Pl. enl. 133. 1.
Spotted green Titmouse, Edw. pl. 262.
Tanager, Gen. Syn, iii. 228. Shaw's Zool, x. 455.
SIZE of a Linnet; the length four inches and a half; extent of wing seven. Bill brown; plumage above green, mixed with brown; rump wholly green; chin and throat brown, margins of the feathers whitish ; breast the same, with a mixture of yellowish ; from thence to the vent yellowish white, tinged with green; quills and tail brown, the latter one inch and a quarter long, edged with green; the legs brown.— Found at Cayenne, and is probably an incomplete bird, but whether allied to the last species is not certain.
22.—_SPOTTED EMERALD TANAGER.
THIS is nearly the size of a Chaflinch; and almost ‘six inches long. Bill black ; plumage in general above fine grass-green,
* Ann. du Mus. Nat. Hist.u. p. 149.—Daudin. D2
20 TANAGER.
inclining on the back to emerald ; sides of the head yellow-green ; just round the eye bright yellow ; between the bill and eye a black spot; chin, throat, and breast, bluish white; lower belly, vent, and over the thighs, pale green; under tail coverts pale yellow; the whole marked with fine black spots, both above and beneath ; or, in other words, the feathers on the upper parts are black, deeply fringed with emerald, and beneath with pale blue; but the sides of the head, belly, thighs, and vent, are unspotted; wing coverts and scapulars black, fringed with verditer-green ; quills and tail black, fringed with green; the quills reach to about one-third on the tail, which is nearly two inches long, and is even at the end, or a trifle divided in the middle ; legs black.
Inhabits the Isle of Trinidad, from whence a specimen was added to my collection by Mr. Thompson. It is a most beautiful bird ; but we are not without suspicion, that it may be allied to the Spotted- green Species, in its highest state of plumage.
23.—GREEN TANAGER.
Tanagra virens, Ind. Orn.i. 426. Lin. 1. 317. Gm. Linvi. 897. Tangara Brasiliensis viridis, Bris. ui. 25. Id. 8vo.i. 510. Buf. iv. 268. Green Tanager, Gen. Syn. iil. 229. Shaw’s Zool. x. 460.
LENGTH six inches and a quarter. Bill dusky; head and upper parts green ; between the bill and eyes a black spot, beneath which is a deep blue band, extending the whole length of the under mandible; throat fine black ; fore part of the neck yellow; the rest of the under parts yellowish green; lesser wing coverts glossy sea- green; the others green; quills dusky, with bluish edges; tail the same, but the middle feathers are greenish; legs brown.
TInhabits Mexico, Peru, and Brazil.
TANAGER. 91
24._JACARINI TANAGER.
"Tanagra Jacarina, Ind. Orn. i. 429. Lin. i. 314. Gm. Lin. i. 890.
Tangara Brasiliensis nigra, Bris. ii. 28. Jd. 8vo.i. 311.
Carduelis Brasiliana, Jacarini, Will. 190. Id. Engl. 258. Buf.iv. 293. Edw. pl. 306. Le Sauteur, Voy. d’Azara, iii. No. 138.
Moineau de Cayenne, Pl. enl. 224?
Jacarini Tanager, Gen. Syn. iil. 238. _Shaw’s Zool. x. 475.
SIZE of the Goldfinch. Bill thick, ash-coloured; general colour of the plumage black, with a polished gloss, reflecting green and blue in some lights; inside of the wings white; tail rather forked ; legs ash-colour. :
The female wholly grey; the male is also the same in the time of moulting, and sometimes partly grey and partly black, so as to appear a different species.
Inhabits Brazil, and called Jacarini;* by the Portuguese, Ne- grette: common at Guiana, most so in newly cultivated land, frequenting small trees, chiefly coffee trees; observed to hop upwards often from the branch, first alighting on one foot, and then the other, each time accompanying the leap with a not unpleasing note, and spreading out the tail. The leaping is only made by the male, the female behaving like other birds. They build an hemispherical nest, about two inches in diameter, of dry herbs of a greyish colour, and lay two greenish white eggs, marked with small numerous red spots, most so at the larger end.
25.—WHITE-HEADED TANAGER.
Tanagra albifrons, Ind. Orn. i. 431.
-— leucocephala, Gm. Lin. i. 896.
Quatoztli, Seba, i. 58. et 36. 6.
Tangara Brasiliensis leucocephala, Bris. iii. 35. Id. 8vo.i, 313. White-headed Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. 244. Shaw's Zool. x. 468.
SIZE of the Golden Tanager; length four inches. Bill yellow ; forehead white; plumage on the upper parts blackish brown; throat
* M. d’Azara rather supposes it should be Yacamiri, which means small head.
pope TANAGER.
and fore part of the neck pale red; breast and wings purple; belly and vent pale yellow; tail blackish brown ; legs yellow.
Inhabits the mountainous parts of Brazil, called 'Tetzocano; the name of the bird is Quatoztli.
26.—YELLOW TANAGER.
Tanagra flava, Ind. Orn.i. 431. Gm. Lin.i. 896.
Tangara Brasiliensis flava, Bris. iii. 39. Id. 8vo.i. 314. Guiraperea, Raii, 89. Will.188. Id. Engl. 256. Buf-iv. 300. 3. Yellow Finch, Bancr. Guian. 180?
Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. 244. Shaw’s Zool. x. 468.
SIZE of a Lark. Bill short, thick, and black; plumage above, and the lower belly, dark yellow, like wax; the fore part, as far as the breast, black; belly spotted with black ; quills and tail dusky, edged with sea-green ; legs ash-colour.
Inhabits Brazil.
27.—SILENT TANAGER.
Tanagra silens, Ind. Orn. i. 432. Nat. Misc. pl. 761.
L’Oiseau silentieux, Buf.iv. 304. Id. Sonnini, pl. 117. Desm. Tang. pl. 38.39. 40. Tangara de la Guiane, PI. enl. 742.
Troupiale des Bois, 4 hausse Col, Voy. d’Azara, iii. No. 78.
Silent Tanager, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 204. Shaw’s Zool. x. 469. pl. 42.
LENGTH seven inches. Bill black; plumage in general green, but the head and under parts are hoary; sides of the head black ; over the eyes a white streak; throat white, beneath this a curved bar of black; shoulders yellow.
Inhabits the thick woods of Guiana; is a solitary bird, oftener found on the ground than perched on a tree, and by no means has any thing like a song, except in the breeding season: is seen also in Paraguay.
in Py Le Ae A 4 | %
aa a
s fr
st
= — Capetal anager oD 4
TANAGER. 93
28.—CHZRULEAN TANAGER.
Tanagra canora, Ind. Orn. i. 432. Gm. Lin.i. 896.
Tangara ceerulea Nove Hispania, Bris. iii. 15. Id. 8vo.i. 307. Xiuhtototl, Fern. N. Hisp.13. cap.120. Buf. iv. 298. 1. Cerulean Tanager, Gen. Syn. ii. 245. Shaw's Zool. x. 446.
SIZE of the House Sparrow. Bill brownish; general colour ot the plumage blue, with a little mixture of fulvous; wings partly blue, partly fulvous, with a slight mixture of black; tail black, . tipped with white; legs grey.
Inhabits Mexico, and called by some Elotolotl : said to sing well, and to be good food.
29.—CAPITAL TANAGER.—PL. xcrv.
Tanagra capitalis, Ind. Orn. i. 432. Capital Tanager, Gen. Syn. Sup. 162. pl. 112. Shaw’s Zool. x. 457. pl. 41.
LENGTH five inches. Bill stout, of a dusky flesh-colour; head, throat, and fore part of the neck, to the breast, black; upper half of the neck behind, the sides of it, and all the under parts yellow, inclining to orange on the breast; the rest of the plumage pale olive yellow; wings and tail darker, edged with yellow; legs flesh-colour. In the Museum of the late Sir Ashton Lever.
One of these, in the collection of Mr. Brogden, had the back of a high-coloured yellow; below the breast rufous orange; feathers about the head short, and of a velvety texture.
Another in the collection of Mr. Comyns, is six inches long. Head and beneath, to the breast, black; back of the neck chestnut ; lower part of the neck, back, and wings yellow; but when the plumage is dishevelled, appearing mixed brown and yellow, as the feathers are brown for three-fourths of the length; shoulders brown; quills the
94 TANAGER.
same, edged with yellow ; tail rounded, olive brown, not edged with yellow; under parts deep yellow, deeper on the breast; and the sides inclined to tawny.
Another of these, only five inches long, had the top of the head, nape, throat, and breast, tawny yellow; sides of the head, including the eyes, and the chin, black; above, the back and wings are mixed olive yellow; but the greater coverts and quills deeply edged with yellow; under parts and tail as in the other; legs in both pale. :
These came from the interior of Africa. We suspect the former tobe an old male; and the last named, from its size, a young female.
We are aware of the very great likeness between this and the Weaver Oriole, represented in the Pl. enlum. 376; but in the first place, the bill in our bird is by no means that of the Oriole, bemg stouter, more bent, and less pointed at the end; besides, the size of the Weaver much exceeds it, being at least seven inches long; whereas the largest of this that has come under our inspection, has not measured more than six inches; several not beyond five.
30.—GREEN-HEADED TANAGER.
Tanagra tricolor, Ind. Orn. i. 428. Gm. Lin.i. 891.
Tangara Cayanensis varia chlorocephala, Bris. Sup. 59. t. 4.1. Id. i. 318. Le Tricolor, Buf. iv. 276. ;
Tangara tricolor, Desmar. Tan. pl. 3. 4.
- varié a téte verte de Cayenne, Pl. enl. 33. 1.
Green-headed Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. 234. Shaw’s Zool. x. 450.
SIZE of a House Sparrow; length five inches and a quarter. Bill black, the base surrounded with black feathers; general colour of the plumage green; head and chin pale sea-green; upper part and sides of the neck green gold; on the throat a large spot of black ; upper parts of the back also black; the lower and rump _ orange- yellow; fore part of the neck and breast sea-green, separated from the black on the throat by blue; belly, sides, thighs, and vent,
TANAGER. 95
bright yellowish green; lesser and middle wing coverts violet-blue ; the greater greenish black, with the outer margins green; quills much the same ; tail like the quills, marked with a small violet-blue spot on the outer margin, near the tip; shape a little forked, lead-colour.
A.—Tangara Cayanensis varia cyanoceph. Bris. Sup. 62. t.4. f.2. Id. 8vo.i. 319. Pl. enl. 33. 2. Le Tricolor, Buf. iv. 276. Gen. Syn. ii. 235. Var. A. Nat. Misc. pl. 537.
Size of the last. Bill the same, and alike surrounded with black at the base; forehead pale green ; crown and throat violet- blue; sides of the head orange red, passing to the back part of the neck, which is of the same colour; upper part of the back black ; rest of the body green; across the wing coverts a stripe of yellow; quills and tail much as in the last, but the coverts are not blue.
These two birds are, we may presume, the same, differing only in sex; but which of them is the male is not ascertained. Both of these were from Cayenne ;* manners unknown.
In the collection of Gen. Davies was a beautiful bird, probably the young of the Green-headed ; length five inches and a half. Bill black; head fine pale blue, paler at the back part, with here and there a black spot; the neck behind dull oker yellow, the feathers spotted black in the middle; below this dull green, many feathers black also in the middle; back pale orange red, growing yellowish towards the rump, which is pale green; chin and throat black ; the breast verditer blue; from thence pale green, with an orange tinge; wing coverts dull green, marked with black; quills and tail black, with green margins, and a trifle forked; legs pretty long, dusky.
* Buffon mentions, that one of the last is in the cabinet of M. Aubri, and called Le Pape de Magellan ; but it scarcely can be thought that the one came from the latter place, if the former was from Cayenne.
“VOL. VI. E
26 TANAGER.
31.—PARADISE TANAGER.
Tanagra Tatao, Ind. Orn. i. 428. Lin.i. 315. Gm. Lin.i. 893. Desm. Tan. pl. 1-
Avicula de Tatao, Seba,i. t. 60. f. 6.
Tangara, Rait, 84. 13. Will. 197. Id. Engl. 243. Bris.ii. p.3. t.1. f.1. Id. 8vo. i. 304. Pl. enl.7. f.1. Id. 127. f.2. Gabin. de Madr. ii. p. 17. lam. 44.
Le Septicolor, Buf. iv. 279. t.13. Spalowsk.i. t. 41.
Die Siebenfarbige Merle, Schmid, Vog. p.74. t. 60.
Titmouse of Paradise, Edw. pl. 349.
Paradise Tanager, Gen. Syn. itl. 236. Nat. Mise. pl.4. Shaw's Zool. x. 472.
THIS is somewhat less than a Goldfinch; length six inches. Bill black ; crown and sides of the head yellowish green; feathers small, and seem distinct from one another; hind part of the head and neck, the upper part of the back, and rump, bright fire-colour, verging to orange towards the tail; throat and fore part of the neck glossy violet blue; breast, belly, sides, and vent, sea-green; thighs dull green; the lesser wing coverts green gold, the middle ones blue, and the greater violet blue ; quills black, with blue margins; second quills, tail,** and legs, black.
The females, and young males, have not the fiery colour on the lower part of the back ; the male gains this at a mature age, but is never attained by the female, that part being wholly of an orange- colour, and in general the whole plumage is less brilliant ; but both sexes vary much, as some of them are bright red, both on the back and rump, while others have those parts wholly of a golden yellow.
In a young male, in the collection of Mr. Francillon, the general colour was dusky black ; beneath pale glossy blue-green ; rump and upper tail coverts orange; on the top of the head just breaking out with yellow green, giving a singular appearance.
This most beautiful species is common at Guiana, about the inhabited parts, appearing in flocks in the neighbourhood of Cayenne,
* In Pl. enl. vii. f.1. the tail is green and red; but this was copied from a specimen which had a false tail added to it, and is not, therefore, to be regarded.— Hist, des Ois.
TANAGER. 27
first about September, and frequents a particular, large tree, which is just then in flower, and as soon as the fruit sets, begins its depreda- tions ; it generally stays six weeks, and then passes elsewhere ; but returns again in April and May, at which time the fruit ripens; it is about this tree alone, that the bird is found, for it does not frequent others: it may be kept in a cage, will feed on bread and meal; said to have no song, but only a short and shrill note.
32.—_GOLDEN TANAGER.
Tanagra violacea, Ind. Orn. i. 429. Lin.i. 314. Mus, Ad. Fr. ii. 31. Nov. C. Petr. xi. 431. 3. t.14. £.3. Borowsk, iii. 173. t.69. Gm. Lin.i. 890.
Reg. alter Cap. B. Spei, Gerin. iii. t. 359. Nat. Misc. pl. 305.
Tangara Brasiliensis nigro-lutea, Bris, iii. 31. t.2. f.2—male. Id. 8vo. i. 312. Pl. enl. 114. f, 2.—female.
Le Lindo bleu et doré, Voy. d’ Azara, iii. No. 99.
Teitei, Rati, 92.12. Buf. iv. 295.
Euphone Teité, Desm. Tang. pl. 21, 22, 23.
Teitei Guiranhemgeta, Geraundi, Will. 194. Id. Engl. 266.
Golden Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. 239. Edw. pl. 263.1. Shaw’s Zool. x. 466.
SIZE of a Canary Bird ; length three inches and three quarters. Bill black ; forehead and all beneath golden yellow; the rest of the plumage black, with a polished steel gloss ; quills within, two-thirds from the base, white, except the three first; tail the same, except the two middle feathers, which are wholly black ; legs black.
The female is olive-green above, with the forehead yellowish ; on the chin a spot of yellow; rest of the throat cinereous; under parts yellowish, with an olive hue; the two outer tail feathers white on the inner margins ; legs brownish.
The young birds are often parti-coloured, blue and olive-green mixed ; the yellow on the forehead very dull; but on the under parts sufficiently distinct.
The female makes a nest not unlike that of the Jacarini, but
with reddish leaves instead of grey ones: is common at Cayenne, E2
28 TANAGER.
Surinam, Brazil, and as far as Paraguay ; and often found in company with the Jacarini; visits rice plantations in vast flocks ; and commits much depredation ; feeds also on the plants called Paco and Mamao ;* often kept in cages, but has no song, only a chirp; delights to live five or six in one cage.
A.—Tanagra chlorotica, Lin.i. 317. Gm. Lin.i. 890. 5. 8. Spalowsk.i. t. 48. Tangara Cayanensis nigro lutea, Bris. iii. 34. t. 2. f.3. Id. 8vo. i. 313. Euphone chlorotique, Desm. Tang. pl. 24, 25.
Tangara de Cayenne, Pl. en/. 114. 1.—male. Gen. Syn. iii. 240. 35. A.
In this almost the whole of the crown is yellow; the same colour beneath only from the breast; for the whole chin and fore part of the neck, as well as the rest of the plumage, are black; the tail feathers all of one colour.
33.—NEGRO TANAGER.
Tanagra Cayanensis, Ind. Orn. i. 430. Lin. i. 316. Gm. Lin.i. 894.
Tangara Cayanensis nigra, Bris. ii. 29. t.2. f.1. Jd. 8vo.i. 311.
Euphone negre, Desm. Tang. pl. 26. 27.
Le Tangara negre, Buf. iv. 297. Id. Sonnin. p.358. pl.48. Vieill. N. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. 391. t. 21.
Negro Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. 240. Shaw’s Zool. x. 477.
SIZE of the others. Bill and legs dusky; plumage in general black, glossed with blue; under part of the wings, and a small space on each side of the breast, at their insertion, yellow, but scarcely seen when the wings are closed, so that the bird appears wholly black ; inner webs of some of the quills white.
Inhabits Brazil, Mexico, and Guiana, but less common at the last place. I observe, in one specimen, the under wing coverts are white, and none of the inner webs of any of the quills of that colour.
* Achras mammosa and Sapota.
" °PANAGER. 29
34.—VIOLET TANAGER.
‘Tanagra Bonariensis, Ind. Orn. i. 430. Gm, Lin. i. 898. Le Tangavio, Buf.iv. 241. Pl. enl. 710. Violet Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. 222. Shaw's Zool. x. 450.
LENGTH eight inches. Bill stout, dusky black; the plumage deep violet, with a greenish tinge on the wings and tail, but at first view appearing black; legs blackish; claws strong and large.
The female has a black head, with a polished steel gloss; the rest of the plumage dull brown, and a slight gloss of black on the upper parts of the body and rump.
Inhabits Buenos Ayres, in South America.
35.—TURQUOISE TANAGER.
Tanagra Brasiliensis, Ind. Orn.i. 424. Lin.i. 316. Gm. Lin.i. 895. Bris. iii. 9. t.1. f.4. Id. 8vo.i. 306. Klein, 97. 8.
Tangara bleu du Brazil, Le Turquin, Buj.iv. 258. Pi. enl. 179. 1.
Hotototl, seu avis spice Mayzii, Razz, 170.
Guirajenoia, Will. p.174. Id. Engl, 241. §. IIT.
Turquoise Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. 225. Shaw's Zool. x. 453.
SIZE of a Chaffinch; length six inches. Bill blackish; head, fore part of the neck, and lower part of the back, cinereous blue; neck behind, upper part of the back, and round the bill, black; on the breast a spot of the same; tail and legs black.
Some of these birds are white beneath.
Inhabits Brazil.
30 TANAGER.
36.—SAINT DOMINGO TANAGER.
Tanagra Dominica, Ind. Orn.i. 226. Lin.i..316. Gm. Lin. i. 895. Bris. iii. 37. t.2. f.4. ‘Id. 8vo.i. 314.
L’Esclave, Buf. iv. 263.
Tangara de St. Domingue, Pi. enl. 156. 2.
St. Domingo Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. 226. Shaw’s Zool. x. 453.
SIZE of a Sparrow; length six inches and a half. Bill stout, and greyish brown; upper parts of the head and body olive brown ; the under dirty white, down the middle of each feather a dash of brown; quills brown, edged with olive; the tail cinereous brown, a trifle forked, the two middle feathers olive brown, the others the same, with the outer margins inclined to olive ; legs brown.
Inhabits the Island of St. Domingo, where it is called L’Esclave.
37.—RUFOUS-HEADED TANAGER.
Tanagra Cayana, Ind. Orn.i. 427. Lin.i. 315. Gm. Lin. i. 892:
Tangara Cayanensis viridis, Bris. in. 21. t. 4. f.3. Id. 8vo. i. 309. Spalowsk. ii. t. 39. Desm. Tang. pl. 10, 11.
Moineau 4 téte rousse, Passe vert, Buf. iii. 494. Jd.iv. 273. Pl. enl. 201, 2.—male.
Tangara a téte rousse, Pl. en/. 290, 1.—female.
Le Lindo precieux, Voy. d’Azara, ui. No. 95.
Rufous-headed Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii 231. Shaw’s Zool. x. 459.
SIZE ofa Linnet. Bill dusky; top of the head rufous; sides of it black; hind part of the neck, lower part of the back, and ramp, pale gilded yellow, tinged with green in some lights; upper parts of the back, scapulars, and upper tail coverts, green; throat blue grey ; the rest of the under parts confusedly mixed with pale gilded yellow, rufous and blue grey, each appearing conspicuous in different
TANAGER. ol
lights; the quills and tail brown, edged with gilded green; legs dusky.—The crown of the female is rufous as in the male; upper parts of the plumage pale green, the under dull yellow, mixed with a tinge of green ; one of this sex, in Mr, Francillon’s collection, had all the under parts fine pale green.
In some specimens the rufous part on the head extends farther down than in others; in some this colour is also seen on the breast _ and belly ; and again on the upper parts of the body ; and the green now and then changing into blue; other slight variations might also be mentioned.
Inhabits Cayenne and Guiana, where it is well known, and called Le Dauphinois: comes into Paraguay in December ; frequents open places, and now and then approaches habitations; feeds on fruits, and among others, particularly fond of bananas and guavas. In the rice fields said to destroy great quantities of the grain; but although there must be numbers to effect this, yet they can scarcely be termed flocks, as these birds always are in pairs; being only guided to one place by the common attraction of the food they are fond of. They have no other note than a short and shrill cry.
A.—Passe-vert 4 téte bleue, Buf. iv. 275. Gen. Syn. iii. 232. Le Lindo bleu et doré a téte d’un bleu de Ciel, Voy. d’Azara, i. No. 88.
This is like the last, but the head fine bright blue; back greenish yellow; fore part of the neck, breast, and belly, gilded yellow; wings and tail plain green.—M. Azara met with five of them about Para- guay in June.
B.—Length five inches and three quarters. Bill black ; head, including the eyes, nape, and neck behind, fine rufous; between the bill and eye black, surrounding the sides of the latter; upper half of the back greenish black, the lower and rump pale glossy rufous
32 TANAGER.
buff; under parts of the body pale bluish green; middle of the belly white: vent, under tail coverts, and thighs, pale rufous ; wings dusky, edged with green, and appearing wholly so, when closed ; shoulders of the wings as the rump; tail rather forked, dusky, the outer webs of the two middle feathers blue, those of the others green ; legs black.
Inhabits Brazil.—In the collection of Lord Stanley. This bird seems doubtful, having some markings in common with the Green- headed one, especially the black at the beginning of the back.
A similar one was also in the collection of General Davies, which may probably be also a young bird, or Variety: im this the head as far as the gape, and upper part of the neck quite to the back, dull rufous ; beginning of the back greenish black, from thence to the rump more green ; greater part of the wing coverts pale dusky green; bastard wing black; quills black, edged with green; all beneath from the chin pale bluish green; wings and tail glossy; bill and legs black.
38.—TUNEFUL TANAGER.
Pipra musica, Ind. Orn.ii. 568. Gm. Lin.i. 1004. Nat. Misc. pl. 841. L’Organiste, Buf.iv. 290. Pl. enl. 809. 1.
Euphone organiste, Desm. Tang. pl. 19, 20.
L’Evéque, Hist. de la Louisiane, i. 140?
Tuneful Manakin, Gen. Syn.iv. 534. Shaw’s Zool. x. p. 32.
LENGTH four inches. Bill dusky; forehead yellow ; crown and nape blue; chin, sides of the head below the eyes, and throat, black ; back, wings, and tail, dusky black, the last short; lower part of the back and rump, breast, belly, vent, and thighs, orange ; legs dusky. :
Tn a specimen in the collection of General Davies, and a second
in that of Mr. Bullock, the forehead was black instead of orange- yellow.
TANAGER. 33
Inhabits St. Domingo, and there called the Organist, from its note, forming a complete octave, one note successively after another ; said not to be uncommon, but difficult to be obtained, for like the Creeper, it continually shifts to the opposite part of the branch from the spectator’s eye, so as to elude his vigilance.
Du Pratz, in his history of Louisiana, mentions a bird whose notes are so varied and sweet, and warbles so tenderly, as to be thought superior to a Nightingale. It is said to sing for near two hours, scarcely taking breath, and after respite for about the same time, begins again; whether this is a different bird or not, from ours, cannot be determined, as Du Pratz gives no description.
39.—YELLOW-FRONTED TANAGER.
Tanagra flavifrons, Ind. Orn. Sup. xlvn. Emberiza flavifrons, Mus. Carls. iv. t. 92. Yellow-fronted Tanager, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 204. 2. Shaw’s Zool. x. 458.
SIZE of a Linnet. Bill and legs black; crown, hindhead, and beginning of the nape blue, but the feathers are brown at the base; forehead yellow ; the rest of the plumage green, inclining to yellow on the throat and rump; quills and tail dusky black.
Supposed to inhabit South America.
40.—VIRESCENT TANAGER.
Vireo virescens, Vieill. Am.i. p. 84. pl. 53.
LENGTH four inches and a half. Top of the head blackish ; eyebrows white: upper parts of the body greenish grey, beneath whitish grey; the lesser wing coverts brownish green; quills and tail brown within; under tail coverts yellowish.
Inhabits America; met with in autumn ; feeds on insects, leaping from branch to branch after them: sex uncertain.
This and the last are probably allied ? F
VOL VI.
34 TANAGER.
41.— VARIABLE TANAGER.
Tanagra variabilis, Ind. Orn. i. 428. Gm. Lin.i. 891. Variable Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. 234. Shaws Zool. x. 456.
LENGTH four inches and a half. Bill horn-colour; plumage in general green, very glossy, and variable, appearing in some lights blue, in others brown; between the shoulders much darker than the rest, and towards the ramp pale green; through the eyes a black streak; quills and tail dusky, edged with green; legs pale.
A specimen of this is i the British Museum: the native place
uncertain.
42.—GREY-HEADED TANAGER.
Tanagra Guianensis, Ind. Orn, i. p. 427. 24. Gm. Lin.i. 893. Le Verderoux, Buf. iv. 272. Desm. Tang. pl. 44. Grey-headed Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. p. 231. 25.
LENGTH about five inches. Bill six lines; plumage green in different shades; on each side of the forehead rufous; and on each side above this, a band of the same, passing to the back of the head, which is cinereous grey; under parts of the body of this last colour.
Inhabits the deep forests of Guiana, and is a rare species.
43.—RED-BELLIED TANAGER.
Sylvia velia, Ind. Orn.i. 256.
Motacilla velia, Lin.i. 336. Gm. Lin.i. 991.
Luscinia ex ceeruleo et rubro varia, Klein, 75. 15.
Le Pitpit varié, Buf. v. 341.
— bleu de Surinam, Pl. enl. 669. 3.
Tangara varié, Desm. Tan. pl. 2.
Red-bellied Warbler, Gen. Syn. iti. 504. Shaw's Zool. x. 687.
SIZE of the Pettichaps. Bill lead-colour, beneath whitish ; forehead bluish green; rump gilded green; plumage on all the
TANAGER. 35
upper parts fine black, mixed with brown; breast and belly rufous ; greater wing coverts, quills, and tail, black, edged with blue; legs cimereous.
Inhabits Surinam, Cayenne, and Guiana: said to be esteemed for food, the flesh being as well tasted as that of an Ortolan.
A.—Sylvia Surinamensis cerulea, Bris. iii. 536. Id. Svo.i. 456.
Tn this the forehead and rump are gilded; the under parts bluish, and the lower part of the belly chestnut.
B.—Red-bellied Blue Bird, Edw. pl. 22. Bancr. Guian. 182 ?
This has the bill and legs dark lead-colour ; plumage wholly blue, in different shades, lower part of the back, and belly reddish
orange.
C.—Rouge-gorge, Ferm. Surin. ii. 194.
This is said to be blackish brown on the back, with the breast and belly crimson—paler in the female. The two latter appear to be Varieties, but the description is too concise for us to form a cer-
tainty of it.
44.—BLACK AND BLUE TANAGER.
Tanagra Mexicana, Ind. Orn.i. 426. Lin.i. 315. Gm. Lin. i. 893. Spalowsk. Vog.i. t. 42. Tangara Cayanensis cerulea, Bris, ii. 6. t. 1. f.2. Id. 8vo. 1. 305.
Diable enrheumé, Buf. iv. 27. Desm. Tang. pl. 5.
tacheté de Cayenne, Pl. enl. 290. 2.
Le Bec en poincgon bleu et roux, Voy. d’Azara, iii. No. 104?
Teoauhtototl, Rai, 170.
Black and blue Tanager, Gen. Syn.iii. 230. Edw. pl. 350. Shaw’s Zool. x. 453.
LENGTH five inches. Bill black; crown and sides of the head
and throat, neck, breast, lower part of the back, and rump, fine blue; F2
36 TANAGER.
hind part of the head and neck, and upper part of the back and scapulars black ; belly, thighs, and vent, yellowish white, spotted black and blue on the sides, and with black on the thighs; upper wing coverts glossy blue green, the greater black, edged with blue; quills black, some of them edged with green, and others with white ; tail black, somewhat forked, edged outwardly with blue; legs black. Inhabits Cayenne and Guiana, but not very common. The Creoles call it by the name given by Buffon. If the same with that of Ray, it is said to frequent fields, and mountainous parts of Mexico, having an agreeable song, and the flesh well flavoured.
45.—BLUE TANAGER.
Tangara Barbadensis cerulea, Bris. in. 8. Jd. Svo. 1. 305. Tangara bleu, Buf. iv. 282. Pl. enl. 155. 1. Passer Americanus, Seba, i. 104. t. 67.3. Gen. Syn. iii. 231. A.
SIZE of a House Sparrow; length five inches and a half. Bill black ; head, throat, fore part of the neck, back, scapulars, and rump black ; wing coverts black, edged with blue; upper tail coverts green ; belly, sides, thighs, and vent, white; quills and tail black, with purplish margins; legs black.
Inhabits Cayenne.—Seba’s bird was sent to him from the Islands of the River Berbice,* in the neighbourhood of Surinam.
46.—BLUE-SHOULDERED TANAGER.
Loxia virens, Ind. Orn.i. 392. Lin.i. 303. Gm. Lin.i. p. 853. Daud.ii. p. 406. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 251. Blue-shouldered Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 151.
THE general colour of this bird is green, but the wing coverts on the shoulders blue; quills and tail black, margins of the feathers
* Ex Insulis Barbicensibus. But Brisson’s is made to inhabit Barbadoes, as he says Barbadensibus Insulis—possibly the bird may be found in both places.
TANAGER. 37
green.—Inhabits Surinam ; has been supposed to be the Black and blue Tanager, in imperfect feather.
47.—ELEGANT TANAGER.
Tanagra elegans, Maxim. Trav. i. p. 160.
IN this the head is deep yellow; back black, with yellow stripes ; throat and breast greenish azure; belly and sides green.
Inhabits Brazil; appears to be a new Species, said to feed on certain trees which bear black berries, and supposed to be their principal food.
48.—BLACK-CROWNED TANAGER.
Tanagra melanictera, Ind. Orn. i. 423. Gm. Lin.i. 898. Nov. Com. Petr. xix. 465. 2. t. 13,14. Nat. Misc. pl. 669. 4 Black-crowned Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. 223. Shaw’s Zool. x. 444. pl. 40.
SIZE of the Common Bunting; length seven inches and a half. Bill livid, the sides of the under mandible bend inwards, and the end of the upper one a little marginated, the base furnished with a few hairs; irides brown; top of the head, and sides beneath the eye, black ; hind part of the neck and back ferruginous brown, changing to rust-colour on the rump; under parts of the body deep yellow ; quills brown, with whitish edges ; tail a trifle forked, brown, edged with yellowish white; wings marked with longitudinal whitish streaks, and reach to the middle of the tail; legs dusky flesh-colour.
The female is dirty ferruginous olive above, spotted with brown, beneath whitish yellow.
This inhabits the neighbourhood of the Caucasian mountains, and Teflis, in Georgia: frequents the Christ’s thorn,* and makes the
* Rhamnus Paliurus.
38 TANAGER.
nest on the branches of it, which being: well defended with sharp spines, secures the brood from birds of prey; is also said to be very fond of the seeds of the above plant for food ; it is a solitary species, and the note not greatly different from that of the Greater Titmouse.
49.—BLACK-CAPPED TANAGER.
Cap Negre, Levail. Afr. iii. 172. pl. 140, 1, 2.
SCARCELY six inches long. Bill brownish, less stout, but rather longer than in the Titmouse ; tongue pointed, and dusky ; the head to below the eyes black ; upper part of the body, wings, and tail, olive-green, tending to yellow on the rump; all! beneath yellow, and under the wings; side tail feathers marked with white at the tips. A second of these, a trifle smaller, had the head rusty brown instead of black; rest of the plumage above dull clay-colour in different shades; beneath pale yellow. These two probably differ only in sex or age.
Inhabits the Isle of Ceylon.— Manners unknown. It seems to be much allied to the Black-crowned.
50.—BLACK TANAGER.
Tanagra atrata, Ind. Orn. i. 430. Lin.i. 315. Gm. Lin.1. 892. Lamprotornis, Stourne, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. lv. Black Tanager, Gen. Syn.iii. 241. Shaw’s Zool. x. 477.
SIZE of a Thrush. Plumage wholly black, glossed with blue on the back ; bill and legs black. Inhabits India.
TANAGER. 39
51.—MALIMBIC TANAGER.
Tanagra Malimbica, Ann. du Mus. d’ Hist. Nat. ii. p. 148. t. x. Tisserin, Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p. \xx. Malimbic Tanager, Nat. Misc. pl. 581.
LENGTH six inches. Plumage blue black; the head crested, scarlet ; chin and throat the same colour; bill black, with a small notch near the end, and the feathers just round the base of the same colour; legs black: The female is without the crest, with the crown and back part of the neck scarlet.
Inhabits the lower parts of Africa, chiefly at Malimba, im the Kingdom of Congo; found on trees bearing figs, similar to those of Europe: the nest is round, open on one side, composed outwardly of slender plants, artfully put together, lined with cotton, and placed between the forks of the branches; the female lays four or five eggs, of a greyish colour, and the male sitson them in turn. These birds generally seen on the same tree, as long as the fruit remains, after which they disappear till the next year; seen at Malimba during autumn. This, though one exception to the rest of the Genus, isa true Tanager, although found in Africa, for birds of this Genus have hitherto been considered only to inhabit America.
A fine specimen of the male is in the collection of Lord Stanley.
52,—_CRIMSON-THROATED TANAGER.
SIZE of a House Sparrow; length about six inches. Bill stout, black ; general colour of the plumage dusky black, the feathers on the lower part of the neck behind, and beginning of the back mot- tled, or margmmed with a darker colour; chin and throat, as far as the breast, fine deep crimson ; tail one inch and a half long, some- what forked ; legs dusky.
40 TANAGER.
In another, supposed to differ in sex, the crimson on the throat occupied less space, not quite reaching to the chin, or so low towards the breast, the under parts, too, are paler than the upper; in other respects like the former.
The above are in the collection of Mr. H. Brogden, of Clapham Common, who received them from Senegal.
These seem much allied to the Malimbic Tanager.
53.—DIVARICATED TANAGER.
LENGTH six inches and a half; size of a Bulfinch. Bill stout, red, the upper mandible curved; plumage in general glossy blue black, as in the Martin; beneath white; from the throat two lines of black divaricate to the wings on each side ; tail two inches or more in length; even at the end; legs dusky black.
In the collection of Lord Stanley : native place uncertain.
54.—RED-BILLED TANAGER.
LENGTH eightinches. Bill, from gape to point, seven-eighths of an inch, the under mandible passing backwards beyond the base of the upper, which is rather curved; colour fine crimson; round the eye a bare, yellowish skin; the plumage above, in general, pale brownish ash, or mouse-colour; quills and tail darker; breast and belly pale tawny buff; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers three inches and three quarters, the outer an inch shorter; shafts of the — feathers chestnut; the first four quills are nearly of equal length, but the outer one longest, and reaches half way on the tail; the legs three quarters of an inch long, stout, brown; the middle toe much the longest; claws brown.
TANAGER. 41
In the collection of Mr. Salt; met with everywhere in Abyssinia, where there are droves of cattle ; is constantly feeding on their backs, picking out the larvee of the insects imbedded under the skin,* in the manner of the Beef-Eater; to which it bears great resemblance as to plumage, differing only in the form of the bill, which is clearly that of the Tanager.
55.—JEW TANAGER.
LENGTH about eight inches. Bill three quarters of an inch, stout, blue, the tip and all the under mandible black, running to a point; nostrils almost covered with feathers, and placed at the base ; plumage of the head, neck, back, and under parts mouse-coloured brown; wings lead-coloured black, or deep ash; outer webs of the second, third, and fourth greater quills white from the base to near the end; under wing coverts white; the tail consists of 12 feathers, two inches and three quarters long, hollowed out in the middle; from the second to the fourth white at the ends; that is, the two middle ones are wholly black, as also the outmost; the others white at the ends, and those in the middle being longer than the adjoining, gives the appearance of being doubly concave; the wings long, and when closed, reach a trifle beyond the end of the tail; legs stout, black ; the claws bent.
Inhabits New South Wales, known there by the name of Jew Bird ; is perhaps of a doubtful Genus, but seems more allied to that of the Tanager than any other: manners unknown.—In the collec- tion of Lord Stanley.
In a similar bird in the possession of M. de Fichtel, I observed the length to be eight, and the extent seventeen inches and a quarter.
* Oestrus Bovis, &c. vol. VI. G
42 ! TANAGER.
Wing, from the shoulder, four inches and seven-eighths; a few hairs about the nostrils and gape; over the eye a broad white mark ; head black; plumage above cinereous lead-colour, beneath deep mahogany purple; outer toe connected with the middle to the first joint.
Another, supposed to be a young bird. Head, neck, and all beneath ash-coloured; the wings black; between the bill and eye a black spot; the quills reach three-fourths on the tail: the length of this bird only seven inches, and extent of wing sixteen and a half: bill, legs, &e. as in the others. I have also seen one, with all but the two middle tail feathers white at the ends, but the outmost only on the inner web.
56.—WHITE-BELLIED TANAGER.
LENGTH seven inches and a quarter; extent of wing seventeen and a half. Bill very stout, three quarters of an inch long, diameter at the base three-eighths of an inch, colour blue; general colour of the plumage black; all beneath, from the throat, and rump white ; tail three inches long, even at the end, tips of the feathers fringed with white; the wings reach a trifle beyond the end.
TInhabits New-Holland: in the collection of the late Mr. Thomp- son, of St. Martin’s Lane, London.
57.—RED-SIDED TANAGER.
LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill stout, yellow; upper parts of the plumage in general lead-colour, beneath white; the eye sur- rounded with black, finishing in a pot before and behind ; sides of the body, next the wings, tinged with pale, but glowing, red; tail nearly even, deep ferruginous; legs stout, yellow.
Inhabits India, known there by the name of Sanahi.
TANAGER. 43
58.—ORANGE-BILLED TANAGER. L’Habia a bec orangé, Voy. d’Azara, ii. No. 83, 84?
LENGTH more than eight inches, breadth eleven. Bill bright orange; crown dusky, the rest of the upper parts lead-colour; beneath brown, mixed with rufous, most of the latter near the tail; above the eye a small streak of white passes behind the ears, where it inclines to falvous; throat the same, below which is a patch, like black velvet, which extends on the sides of the head and front; quills, and under wing coverts silvery white beneath ; tail even, on the outer feather a large white spot at the end ; the next the same, but the spot smaller, the rest of the feathers plain brownish lead-colour; legs pale brown.
Inhabits Paraguay, to about the 32d degree; and is familiar, approaching habitations, for the sake of the provisions found there. Is caught in nets with bruised maize.
59.—POPPY TANAGER.
L’Habia Ponceau, Voy. d’Azara, iv. No. 88.
LENGTH seven inches, extent of wing ten. Bill dull blue, a trifle bent, pointed, and strong; irides dull rufous; top of the head, neck, body, lesser wing coverts and tail dull poppy-colour, with a tinge of brown; wing coverts and quills brown, with poppy-coloured edges ; over the eye a fine line of most brilliant poppy ; under parts in general the same; legs lead-colour.
Inhabits Paraguay. Two of these killed there in August. G2
44 TANAGER.
60.—RED-CRESTED TANAGER.
L’Habia rougeatre, Voy. d’ Azara, iv. No, 85:
LENGTH seven inches and a half. Bill dusky, a trifle bent, and pointed, with three indentations in the upper mandible, as in some of the Tanagers; on the head a large, silky, loose crest, the feathers more than half an inch long, and fiery red; front, sides, back of the head, and under wing coverts, reddish brown; neck before, under parts of the body, and tail, the colour of vermilion, but dull, palest on the belly ; all the parts above dull vermilion.
Inhabits Paraguay: manners unknown. Three only have been met with.
61.—PARAGUAN TANAGER.
L’Habia jaune, Voy. d’ Azara, iy. No. 87.
LENGTH eight inches, Bill strong, a trifle bent, pointed, and not compressed ; on the edge of the upper mandible a deep indenta- tion, and on the side a deep process; colour of bill dusky, beneath sky-blue; plumage in general yellowish brown, beneath deep yellow; over the eye a yellow streak; greater wing covertsand quills edged with deep yellow ; legs dusky.
Inhabits Paraguay with the last, and equally rare. This and the three last described, seem rather doubtful species, none of which have come under our observation ; whether, therefore, they more properly belong to this Genus or the foregoing, seems uncertain ; or, whether they might constitute a separate Genus.
FINCH. 45
GENUS XLIV.—FINCH.
i House Sparrow 29 Pine 57 Tripoline A White 30 Forest 58 Linnet B Yellow 31 Long-billed 59 Red-headed L. C Black 32 White-cheeked 60 Strasburg F. 2 Cisalpine 33 Black-headed 61 Lesser Red-headed L. 3 Spanish 34 Brown A Var.: 4 Black-breasted Finch 35 Eustachian 62 Arctic F. 5 Tree 36 Frizzled 63 Twite A Var. 37 Collared 64 Angola B Var. 38 Goldfinch 65 Dusky 6 Ring A White-headed 66 Gotah 7 Foolish B Striped-headed 67 Chinese Long-tailed 8 Speckled C Swallow 68 Blue-bellied 9 White-tailed D Whitish 69 Amaduvade 10 Short-tailed E White A Var. 11 Dalmatie F Black 70 Senegal 12 Chaffinch G Saffron-fronted A Danbik A Var. H Spurious B Var. B White 39 Green Goldfinch 71 White-eared C Collared 40 Beautiful 72 Cape 13. Crimson-crowned 41 Red-faced 73 Cuba 14 Red-crowned 42 Parrot 74 Ceylon 15 Brambling 43 Red-headed 75 Brown-throated A White-rumped 44 Chestnut-bellied 76 Fire B White-headed 45 Siskin 77 Blue-headed 16 Lulean A Black S. 78 Azure-headed 17 Lapland 46 Indian 8. 79 Blue-crowned 18 Snow 47 Chinese Finch 80 Lunar A Var. 48 Asiatic 81 Green-rumped 19 Capsa 49 Pale-rumped 82 Testaceous 20 Alpine 50 Canary 83 Oker 21 Crescent A Mozambique 84 Imperial 22 Lovely 51 Serin 85 Sultry 23 Macao A Var. 86 Modest 24 Goura 52 Citril 87 Little 25 White-breasted 53. Saffron-fronted. 88 Dwarf 26 Scarlet 54 Yellow 89 Barred 27 Rosy 55 Ultramarine 90 Duree
28 Tooty 56 Black-collared 91 Temporal
AG
A Var. B Var. 92 Nitid 93 Wave-breasted 94 Slaty 95 Van Diemen’s 96 Cream-coloured 97 American Yellow A Var. B Var. C Var. 98 Mexican 99 Orange-tailed 100 Black-faced 101 Carolina 102 Swamp 103 Savannah 104 Grey-headed 105 Bonana 106 Black and orange 107 Rufous-chinned A Var. 108 Glossy A Var.
FINCH.
B Nootka 109 Cinereous 110 Carthagena 111 Rusty-collared 112 Bahama 113 Lepid 114 White-throated 115 Ash-crowned 116 Northern 117 Striped-headed 118 Yellow-pinioned 119 Streaked-headed 120 Song 121 Fasciated 122 Grass 123 Spotted 124 Summer 125 Norton 126 Sharp-tailed 127 Long-tailed 128 Orange 129 Purple
A Crimson-headed
130
Georgian
131 Mustachoe
132
133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 145 144 145 146 147 148 149 150
Hybernal
A Var.
B Var. Rufous
Lesser Rufous Spotted-breasted Winter
Little Winter Rice-field Brazilian Blue-faced Yellow-throated Cayenne Bearded Surinam Variegated Autumnal Yellow-winged Sea-side Chipping Tawny-rumped
Birps of this Genus have the bill conic, slender towards the end, and very sharp-pointed ; differing from the Grosbeaks, in which the bill is rounded from the base to the point of each mandible.
In this Genus most of the birds, named Sparrows, enter: also the Linnets, Siskins, Goldfinches, &c. &c.
Fringilla domestica, Ind. Orn. i. 432. No. 242. Scop.i. No. 220.
rowsk, iii. 144.
ii. 350.
Shaw’s Zool. ix. 428. pl. 64.
Brun. No. 264, 265.
1.—HOUSE SPARROW.
Lin. i. 823. Gm. Lin. i. 925.
Faun. Suec.
Muller, No. 268. Kramer, 369. 10. Frisch, t.8. Georgi, 174. Sepp, Vog. t. p.77. Faun. arag. 87. Bo-
Tem. Man. d’Orn. 211, Id. Ed.
FINCH. AT
Passer domesticus, Razz, 86. A. Will. 182. Bris. iii. 72. Id. 8vo.i. 827. Klein, 88. 1. Id. Stem.17. t. 18, f. 1. a,b. Id. ov. 29. t.9. £.7. Scharf. el. t. 53. Roman. Orn. i. 99. t. 16.1. Faun. Helvet. Gerin. ii. p. 340.2. Nat. Misc. pl.
329. Robert, ic. pl. 3. Le Moineau, Buf. ii. 474. pl. 29. 1. Pl. enl. 6. 1.—complete. . Id. 55. 1.—young.
Hist. Prov. i. 518. Daud. Orn. i. p. 91. pl. 3.—skeleton.
Rauch sperling, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t.57. Naturf. xvii. 96.
Passera domestica, Zinnan. Uov. 79. t. 11. f. 70. Olin. uc. t. p. 42. Cett. uc. Sard. 204.
House Sparrow, Gen. Syn. iti. 248. Id. Sup. 163. Br. Zool. i. No. 127. pl.51. Id. fol. 107. Id. Ed. 1812.1. p. 456. pl. 58. Aret. Zool. 1. 382. G. Collins Birds, pl. 4. f.1,2. Russ. Alep. p. 70. Will. Engl. 249. t. 44. Albin, i. pl. 62. Cheseld. Anat. Cap. v.—skeleton. Bewick, Birds, i. pl. p. 154. Lewin, Birds, ii. pl. 77. Walcot, ii. pl. 215. Pult. Dors. p. 12. Ornith. Dict.
LENGTH five inches and three quarters. Bill stout, dusky, with a yellowish base; irides hazel; plumage on the upper parts reddish brown, mixed with black ; on the under pale dirty ash- colour; crown of the head the same; between the bill and eye, and round the last black ; chin and fore part of the neck black, a little mixed with grey ; wing coverts chestnut and black mixed, with a paler bar across them; quills dusky, with rufous edges; tail deep brown, edged with grey, and a little forked ; legs grey brown.
The female has much the same markings as the male, but more obscure ; behind the eye a white streak; no black on the throat; the under parts dingy white, or flesh-colour,
This is every where common about our houses, and builds in every place it can find admittance, as under a roof, corner of the brick work, or hole in the wall.* The nest is of slovenly construction- generally a little hay, ill put together, and lined with feathers: the female lays five or six eggs, of a reddish white, spotted with brown ; is known sometimes to build in a tree adjoining to habitations, but then takes more pains with the nest; but will more often drive Martins from their abode, to save the trouble of constructing one of their own: is said to have three broods in a year.
* A pair of these birds, about twenty years since, built their nest, and hatched the young in the kitchen of an inhabitant of Salisbury, and the old ones were so tame, as to suffer the young ones to be fed, and themselves to be occasionally taken from the nest.
48 FINCH.
From this species frequenting only habitations, and parts ad- jacent: it may be said, to be chiefly fed from human industry, being as it were, domesticated ; for notwithstanding every precaution it will partake with the Pigeons, Poultry, &c. in the food thrown out to them; grain of all kinds being that best adapted to its taste, it will, however, eat worms, and refuse of all kinds, from the kitchen. Ts a familiar bird, but will not so easily come into a snare as many others; in autumn often collect into flocks, and roost in numbers on the adjoining trees, when they may be shot by dozens, or caught at night by a bat-fowling net; the flesh is accounted tolerable by many, but far less esteemed than that of many birds. The Sparrow has no song, only a chirp or two, frequently repeated, and far from agree- able. It appears to be spread every where throughout Europe, is also in Egypt, Senegal, Syria, and other parts of Africa, as well as Asia. We have seen it represented in drawings from China, as well as India, where we have been informed it is common.
A.—Passer candidus, Bris. iii. 77. A. Id. 8vo.i. 328. Will. 182. Aldrov.ii. t. p. 566. Scop.i. 149. Mus. Carls.i. pl. 20. White Sparrow, Gen. Syn. ii. 250. Id. Sup. 163.
The bird, described by Brisson, had the bill and irides yellow, plumage wholly white. Sparrows, more or less approaching to white, are to be seen in various collections,—viz. one above brown, beneath dirty white: another marked as in common, very pale, with some of the quills white: a third, the upper parts very pale, almost white ; under parts as in common: a fourth, every where pure white, except a rudiment of black on the throat, shewing it to be a male; a fifth, pure white, with a spot on the crown ; the nape of the neck, and the back brown.**
* T have had two specimens given to me in Kent perfectly white. We are told, that the neighbourhood of Fanscombe Barn, near Pichandon, a valley below West Downs, (now pulled down,) was famous for a breed of White Sparrows, and White Mice. See Countess of Winchelsea’s Misc. Poems, p. 58. and Harris’s Hist. of Kent, 344. Gough’s Brit. We have also observed numbers of White Mice in a Barn, near Bexley, in Kent.
FINCH. 49
B.—Passer flavus, Bris. ii. 78. Jd. 8vo.i. 828. Will, 182. Yellow Sparrow, Gen. Syn. iii. 251. Will. Engl. 249. This is yellow, with a tinge of chestnut on the upper parts: one, in the Leverian Museum, is wholly of a yellow cream-colour.
C.—Fringilla tota nigricans, Ind. Orn.i. 433. Black Sparrow, Gen. Syn, iii. p. 251.
Sparrows, more or less of a black colour, are common in many collections. One, in the Leverian Museum, had the bill of a deep yellow: and I believe that the black variety is full as common as the white one, though in general the colour has been dull; but Mr. Tunstall informed me, that he has seen one, which was of as deep and glossy a black as that of the Crow.
We believe the House Sparrow to be common to every part of Europe, at least its name is on record in every Fauna; we can trace it as far southward as Gibraltar, where it swarms, and is very mischievous in gardens, more so, indeed, of late than formerly, as it is supposed to have increased, by means of the greater number of horses which have been kept there, and which has introduced a larger supply of grain for these insolent freebooters. Found also northward as far as Drontheim, in Norway, in plenty; but, as if destined to subsist on the labours of the agriculturist, are very rare, and entirely wanting in places not occupied by mankind; and it is said that they were unknown in the greatest part of Siberia, before the Russians attracted them by the cultivation of corn.*
2.—CISALPINE SPARROW.
Fringilla Cisalpina, Tem. Man Ed. ii. p.351. Passer volgaire, Gerin. Orn. pl. 340. f. 2. male—fig. 1. White Var.
IN this, the top of the head, the nape, and upper part of the back are bright chestnut, and, when in fine condition, the feathers are
* Arct. Zool. ii. 382. VOL, VI. H
50 FINCH.
tipped with fine rufous, but this soon disappears; cheeks pure white ; in other things like the Common Sparrow.
The difference between the female of this and the Common sort is but little; the crown and nape brown, and the band above and behind the eyes rufous white.
This, if a Variety, as may be suspected, is not uncommon on the Lower Appenines, along the Gulf of Liguria, and throughout Italy, and has more the manners of the Mountain, than the common House Sparrow.
3.—SPANISH SPARROW.
Fringilla Hispaniolensis, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. p. 353. Moineau d’Egypte, Sevign. Ois. d’ Egypt. pl. 3. f.7.
Bill stout; body above black, feathers margined with yellowish rufous; crown and nape deep bright chestnut: over the eyes a white streak, tending to the hindhead ; cheeks white; throat, neck before, and a narrow belt on the breast, black; middle of the belly white; sides marked with long spots: female unknown.
Found in Sicily, the Archipelago, South of Spain, and as far as Egypt: described from a specimen sent from Gibraltar.
4.—BLACK-BREASTED FINCH.
LENGTH five inches. — Bill dusky, brownish ash-colour ; from the nostrils, between the eye, and round it black; sides of the head, beyond the eyes, to the nape, ferrugmous, growing broader, and meeting at the back of the neck; the rest of the upper parts, and wings are also ferruginous, marked on the back with short black streaks; across the wing coverts a bar of white; the quills and tail dusky; chin, just under the bill, black; the under parts in general dusky white; on the breast a large patch of black; legs pale.
FINCH. ol
The female is pale ash-colour above, and dusky white beneath ; over the eye a pale yellowish streak ; across the wings a bar of the same; bill and legs pale.
Inhabits India.—General Hardwicke. At first sight has some resemblance to our House Sparrow, but is certainly a distinct species. T observed a second, having the appearance of incomplete plumage : this bird had the top of the head and region of the ears pale ash- colour; forehead straw-colour, passing over the eye as a streak; under the eye a bed of the same, but between the nostrils and eye white; chin pale yellow, passing in a broad streak under the ears, and curving almost to the back of the neck; breast mottled much with black, but not enough to form a patch; wings as in the female above described, but the pale bar across them obsolete.
5.—TREE FINCH.
Fringilla montana, Ind. Orn. i. 433. Lin. i, 234. Gm. Lin. i. 925. Faun. Suec. No. 243. Id. Retz. 250. Scop.i. 221. Brun. No. 267. Muller, No. 264. Kramer, 370. Frisch, t.1. Sepp, Vog.t.p.79. Borowsk. ii. 145. Faun. Helvet. Phil. Trans. xlii. p. 405. Shaw's Zool. 1x. 432. pl.64. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 212. Id. Ed. ii. 354.
Fringilla arborea, Tree Sparrow, Amer. Orn. i. pl. 16. f.3.
Passer montanus, Raz, 87. Will.185. Bris.ii. 79. Id. 8vo.i. 329. Klein, 90. 20. Roman. Orn. i. 45. t. 16. 2.
Loxia Hamburgia, Gm. Lin. i. 854.
Pyrrhula Hamburgensis, Bris. iii. 314. Jd. 8vo.i. 396.
Der Baum Sperling, Naturf. xvii. 97.
Friquet, Buf iii. 189. t.29. £2. Pl. enl. 267. 1. Hist. Prov.i. 519.
Le Hambouvreux, Buf. iv. 398.
Passera montanino, Olin. Uc. t. p.48. Zinnan. Uov. 81. t. 12. f. 72.
Hamburg Tree Creeper, Alb. iii. t. 24.
Hamburg Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii: 149.
Tree, or Mountain Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 252. Id. Sup. 163. Br. Zool.i. No. 128. Id. 1812. p. 458. pl. 159. Jd. fol. 109. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 246. Will. Engl. 252. t. 26. Alb.ii. pl. 66. Edw. 269. Bewick,i. pl. p.158. Lewin’s Birds, ii. pl. 78. Wale. ii. pl. 216. Donov. Birds, iv. pl. 88. Orn. Dict.'§ Supp.
SOMEWHAT less than the last; length five inches and a half.
Bill black ; irides greyish hazel; head and nape chestnut; the chin - H2
52 FINCH.
black ; behind each eye a spot of the same; body above rufous brown, spotted with black, inclining to greenish towards the rump; sides of the neck, the breast, and under parts dusky white; wing coverts rufous, edged with black, and crossed with two bars of white; the greater coverts black, edges ferruginous; quills blackish, with rufous edges; tail even at the end, rufous brown; legs pale yellow. The female is duller, and wants the black on the ears and throat.
This species is found in England, but by no means plentiful, and probably local; is tolerably common in Lancashire and Yorkshire, but not further to the North, or in Scotland ; always makes the nest im trees, and lays five eggs, of a pale brown, with darker coloured spots, like chocolate, running together, and forming a cloud, covering the larger end; the smaller unspotted.
The late Mr. Hutchins informed me, that this bird, or one greatly similar, comes into Hudson’s Bay in April, and is called by the Nepetherway Indians, Nepin-apathasish ; but his bird differs some- what in the placing, as well as the construction of the nest, being made on the ground, among the grass, composed of mud without, and straw within, lined with soft hair, or down; the eggs the same in number, and colour, as our European Species.
Dr. Forster observes, that it is found in America, about Severn River; length six inches and a half; breadth ten; and weight three quarters of an ounce. Bill and legs black ; eyes blue; tail longer than usual, and forked. He thinks this may prove a different bird, on future investigation, yet he enters it on his list as the Mountain Finch: it comes into Pennsylvania in April, with the Snow Birds; seen in hollow thickets, near springs; has a low warbling note, scarcely heard at twenty or thirty yards; if disturbed, takes to the trees, like the White-throated Sparrow, but the latter is by no means allied to it.
x Ge
FINCH.
A.—Passer campestris, Bris. iii. 82. Id. 8vo.1. 329. Gerin. ii. 341. 61. Passer sylvestris, Rati, 88.16. Will. 186. Frisch, t.7. Klein, 88. 2. Red-headed Sparrow, Albin, i. pl. 65.
Wood Sparrow of Aldrovand, Will. Engl. 253. 17.
Bill yellowish white; crown rusty red; round the eyes white; irides yellowish ; back, tail, and feet, dusky ferruginous, the tips of the feathers yellow; from chin to tail ash-colour, the ends of the feathers inclining to red, and the chin and underside of the neck crossed with continued blackish lines; wings dusky ferruginous, but the first feathers that cover their ridges end in a notable white—so far Willughby, from Aldrovandus.
B.—Passer torquatus, Bris. iii. 85. Id. 8vo. i. 330.
This is brown, varied with rufous above, beneath grey; crown chestnut ; throat black ; neck surrounded with a white ring; tail grey brown, the feathers edged with brown. In the female the crown is not chestnut, and the black on the throat wanting. These are pro- bably Varieties, or sexual differences of the Tree Finch, if not birds in imperfect plumage.
6.—RING FINCH.
Fringilla Petronia, Ind. Orn.i. 435. Lin.i. 322. Gm. Lin. i. 919. Frisch, t. 3. Klein, 96. 3. Id. Stem. 17. t. 18. f.2. a.b. Jd. ov. 29. t. 9. f.8. Faun. Helv. Gerin. i. t. 341, 1. Faun. arag. 87. No.7. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 434. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p- 209. Id. Ed. ii. p. 349.
Passer torquatus, Ratz, 87. Will. 183.
Petronia marina, Razi, 80.2. & 92. 10. Will. 171. Id. Engl. 267.
Passer Sylvestris, Bris. ili. 88. t, 5. f..1. Id. 8vo.i. 331.
La Soulcie, Buf-iii. 498. t.30. f.1. Pl. enl. 225.
Der Graufinke, Naturf. xvii. 94,
54 FINCH.
Passera marina, Zinnan. Uov. 80. t. 11. f. 71. Ringel Spatz, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t. 89. Naturf. xvii. 97. No. 199. Ring Sparrow, Gen. Syn. ui. 254. Id, Sup. 164. Will. Engl. 250.
LARGER than a House Sparrow ; length five inches and three quarters. Bull strong, upper mandible brown, lower pale grey, with a brown tip; head, and upper parts of the neck and back dirty grey, spotted with brown; rump the same, but not spotted; all beneath dirty grey and white mixed; fore part of the neck yellow ; round the head, above the eyes, a dirty white ring ;* wings as the back, some of the coverts, and the second quills, white at the ends; quills and tail dusky, the feathers edged with grey, all but the two middle ones have a white spot on the inner web,} near the tip.
Inhabits various parts of Europe, but chiefly Germany; in some parts of which it is pretty numerous; likewise Spain and Italy: is migratory, and in greater numbers according to the warmth of the climate, collecting into flocks at the end of July, and remaining so till the spring. It frequents woods, and builds in the holes of trees, laying four or five whitish eggs, marked all over with dusky bluish+ spots, and has only one brood in a year: lives both on seeds and insects. It probably is found in Africa, at least in Barbary; as flights pass in the spring and autumn over Gibraitar; the autumnal flights by much the more numerous, and many are taken by bird- catchers; is often kept in cages, and soon grows familiar, but has a very trifling note.
7.—FOOLISH FINCH.
Fringilla stulta, Ind. Orn. i, 436. Gm. Lin. i. 919. Shaw's Zool. ix. 436. Passer stultus, Ratz, 87.1. Will. 182. Bris. iii. 87. Id. 8vo. 1. 330. Rom. Orn. 108.
* In the Pl. enl. the whole, above the eyes, is rusty cream colour, surrounded with a ring of black, and beneath that another of white.
+ Linneus says, thet the spot is on the outer web, but this is evidently a mistake.
+ Gunther. :
FINCH. 53)
Passera mattugia, Olin. ue. t. p. 46. Gerin. i. t. 33. 1. Foolish Sparrow, Gen. Syn. iii. 255. Will. Engl. 249.
SIZE of the House Sparrow. Plumage above rufous grey, spotted with rust-colour; over the eye a white streak, and a yellow spot on the throat; beneath yellowish ; two bands of white on the wings; tail blackish, edged with rufous.
Inhabits Italy about Bologna, probably the same with the last.
In the drawings of General Hardwicke, is a bird not far different from the Foolish Sparrow ; length four ches. Bill pale; plumage above, in general pale, cinereous brown; beneath and rump dusky white ; over the eye a pale streak, passing backwards, and curving round the ear; on the throat a spot of yellow ; point of the shoulder pale rust-colour; across the wing two oblique pale streaks; quills dusky ; tail much the same, somewhat hollowed out in the middle, the wings long, reaching to near the end of it; legs pale blue.
Inhabits India.—In this drawing are both sexes. The female seems much the same, but the colours are less bright.
8.—SPECKLED FINCH.
Fringilla Bononiensis, Ind. Orn. i. 436. Gm. Lin. i. 919. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 438. Passer Bononiensis, Bris.iii. 91. Id. 8vo. i. 332.
maculatus, Rati, 87. Will. 183.
Speckled Sparrow, Gen. Syn. iii. 255. Will. Engl. 250.
SIZE of the last... Bill yellow; irides white; head and neck the same, marked with yellowish spots; back and rump black, white, and yellowish mixed ; under parts yellowish white; quills dusky ; tail and legs yellowish.
Inhabits Bologna with the two last, and it is most probable, that they all form but one species, in different periods of age.
06 FINCH.
9.—WHITE-TAILED SPARROW.
Fringilla leucura, Ind. Orn. i. 436. Gm. Lin. i. 919. Shaw's Zool. ix. 436. Passer albicilla Bononiensis, Bris. iii. 92. Id. 8vo.i. 332. Raitt, 87. 4. Will. 183. White-tailed Sparrow, Gen. Syn. iii. 256. Will. Engl. 250.
THIS is yellowish above, spotted with chestnut, and streaked with white ; head and under parts yellowish white; tail cinereous white. This is thought by M. Temminck to be an accidental Variety of the Ring Finch; but we own, that there seems some confusion in the four last described, which we cannot set to rights.
10.—SHORT-TAILED SPARROW.
Fringilla brachyura, Ind. Orn. i. 436. Gm. Lin. i. 920. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 435. Passerculus Bononiensis, Bris. iii. 93. Id. 8vo.i, 332.
Passer brachyurus nostras, Ratz, 87. Will. 185.
Short-tailed Sparrow, Gen. Syn. iii. 256. Will. Engl. 252.
THE whole body in this bird is yellowish; breast and belly much paler. The bill of a deeper yellow. The two last are also found about Bologna.
11.—DALMATIC SPARROW.
Fringilla Dalmatica, Ind. Orn. i. 437. Gm. Lin. i. 920. Shaw's Zool. ix. 437. Passer Sclavonicus, Bris. iii. 94. Id. 8vo. 1. 333. Emberiza Pithyornus, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. 311. Illyricus, Rati, 87. Will. 183. Gerin. iii. t. 343. 1. Pine Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. p. 203. Dalmatic Sparrow, Gen. Syn. iii. 256. Will. Engl. 250.
LARGER than a House Sparrow. Bill whitish; plumage on the upper parts of the body reddish; the under whitish ; tail forked ; legs pale yellow.—Inhabits Dalmatia. M.Temminck thinks this to be the female of the Pine Bunting.
FINCH, 27
12.—CHAFFINCH.
Fringilla Celebs, Ind. Orn. i. 437. Lin. i. 318. 3.—male, 6. female, Faun. suec. No. 232. Amen.ac. iv. 595. Gm. Lin.i. 901. Raitt, 88. 16. A. Will. 186. t. 45. f.4. Bris.iii. 148. Id. 8vo.i. 347. Klein, 96.1. Id. ov. 29. t.9. £.9. & 10. Scop. i. No. 217. Brun. No. 253. 4. Muller, No. 255. Kramer, 367. Frisch, t.1. Sepp, Vog. t. p. 141. Faun. Arag. 87. Borowsk. iii. 137. 2. Roman. Orn. i. 142. t.22. f.11. Faun. Helvet. Gerin. iii. t. 337.1. Shaw’s Zool. 1x. pl. 65. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 219. Id. Ed. ii. p. 357.
Der Buckfinke, Naturf. xvii. 93. Schmid, Vog. p. 78. t. 65.
Le Pincon, Buf.iv. 109. f. 4. Pl. enl. 54. 1.
Fringuello, Olin. t. p. 31. Zinnan. Uov. 61. t. 9. f.52. Cet. uc. Sard. 203.
Finck, Wirsing, Vog. t. 19. Gunth. av. t. 19.
Chaffinch, Gen. Syn. iii. 257. Id. Sup. 165. Br. Zool.i. No, 125. Jd. 1812.1. p. 452. Id. fol. 108. t. 5. f. 2.3. Arct. Zool. ii. 381. F. Collins, Birds, pl. 11. f. 3.4. Rus. Alep. 70. Albin, i. 63. Id. Song Birds, pl. p. 25. Bolton, Birds, pl. 23. 24. Bewick, Birds, i. pl. p. 160. Lewin, Birds, ii. pl. 79. Walcot, ii. pl. 217. Pult. Cat. Dors. Orn. Dict,
SOMEWHAT less than the Sparrow. — Bill whitish, inclining more or less to blue, tip black ; irides hazel; forehead black ; crown, nape, and sides of the neck, bluish ash-colour ; sides of the head, throat, -and neck before, reddish; back chestnut brown, greenish on the rump ; belly, thighs, and vent, rufous white ; on the wing coverts a large white patch, and a bar of the same on the greater ones; tail black, a little-forked ; the outer feather has a longitudinal streak placed obliquely, and the next to it a spot of white, near the tip of the inner web; legs brown.
The colours in the female are more dull, inclining to green, the vinaceous red colour is wanting ; breast and belly dirty white; the rest as in the male.
This in England is one of our most common Species ;* makes the nest in a well-clothed bush, not very high, formed of fibres of plants and moss, lined with hair, wool, feathers, &c. the eggs are five or six in number, of a pale reddish grey, marked with blackish
* It is called by different names a Pink, or Twink, Beech, and Horse-finch. VOL. VI. I
98 FINCH.
spots at the large end. The male is seldom found far from the nest. This is ranked among our Singing Birds; very pleasing to some, but does not continue the whole year ;* for the most part they are com- mon at all seasons, but in Sweden the males only stay, the females migrating southward, returning in spring.t A disposition in the two sexes to separate has been observed in this kmgdom: as Mr. White says, that large flocks of Chaffinches, consisting of almost all hens, appear towards Christmas in the fields about Selborne, in Hampshire, remaining in this separated state during the winter. { This species is expanded throughout Europe; likewise met with on the coast of Africa, and to the Cape of Good Hope; also at Aleppo :§ is less common in Spain, but a few are taken in their March flights at Gibraltar, by the bird-catchers.
A.—Fringilla alis et Cauda nigris, Bris. iii. 153. A. Id. 8vo.i. 348. Buf-iv. 121. Gen. Syn. iii. 258. 10. A.
In this the head and neck are ash-colour ; cheeks brownish ; back and scapulars brownish ash ; rump inclining to green; under parts of the body brownish flesh-colour; lesser and greater wing coverts white; the middle, quills, and, tail black ; the two outer feathers of the Jatter half way white on the outer margins.
B.—Fringilla candida, Bris. ii. 154. C. Jd. 8vo. i. 349. This is wholly white.
C.—Fringilla torquata, Bris, ii. 155. D. Id. 8vo.i. 349.
This has the crown of the head, and a collar round the neck both white, the rest asin common.— Other Varieties might be added, and which no doubt have occurred to many persons, interested in such researches.
* Those of Essex most esteemed.—Barringt. Essays. + Amen. Acad. iv. 595, No. 127.
+ See White’s Hist. Selb. pp.37. 43. 99. 185. The migration of one sex is not confined
to this species: other birds will be mentioned in this work, whose manners coincide in this particular. § Rus. Hist. Alep. p. 70.
: i i re ' i=, * / ek net mG a 5 ne 5 ha d + ‘ t Ey R Ni, ne a oo y i! 7 i iD ~ y f. \ . Ve 17 Ah : out ci ae icioinh pity 4 ack fe ue sianie singin mda Ce mare Se nar ¥ = : He ein “ Arr yi Neigh taoowed tobe ree 44 sick therapy! ayatazefeunia Oprese vet ny Ky au tf wate a ee ‘ eae My ‘ * ax .
He oe — mht iv
Bi RCV:
——s
SS
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( Crimson - crowned , ice V4 )
FINCH. 59
13.—CRIMSON-CROWNED FINCH.—PL. xcy.
Fringilla flammea, Ind. Orn.i. 438. Lin. i. 322. Faun. suec. No. 238. Gm. Lin.i. 915. Hist. Prov.i. 514. Shaw's Zool. ix. 451. pl. 67.
Fringilla cristata, Bris. iii. 155. E. Id. 8vo.i. 849,
Parus griseus, Ind. Orn. ii. 564. Gm. Lin. i. 1010. Zool. Dan. No. 284.
Linaria, seu Luteola nigra, Klein, 93.
Der Brandfink, Naturf. xvii, 95.
Flaming Finch, Arct. Zool. ii. 380. D.
Crimson-crowned Titmouse, Gen. Syn. iv. 539.
Crimson-crowned Finch, Gen. Syn. ili. 259. pl. 47.
SIZE of the Redpole; length near five inches. Upper mandible black, the under dull yellow ; plumage above, the wings, and tail, brown; rump, upper and lower tail coverts, dull rose-colour; all beneath rose-colour ; not unlike the same in the Pine Grosbeak ; vent pale; crown of the-head a glowing pale red, bounded on each side, and in front, by a black streak ; the feathers a little elongated, but scarcely to be called a crest; and at the back squared off as in the Blue-backed Manakin; base over the bill pale brown ; cheeks before the eyes pale; tail even; legs brown.
Inhabits Norland, and other parts of Sweden.**—In the collection of Lord: Stanley. We have included above our Crimson-crowned Titmouse, on full conviction of its.being one and the same bird, in immature plumage.
14.—RED-CROWNED FINCH.
Fringilla ruticapilla, Ind. Orn. i. 438. Gm. Lin. i. 887. Mus. Carls. ii. t. 44. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 446, Red-crowned Finch, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 206.
IN this bird the bill is brown ; plumage on the upper parts of the body brown; crown and hindhead reddish; margined before,
* Linnzus. Described by, him from, Rudbeck’s Paintings. I have seen two or three
specimens in various collections, 12
60 FINCH.
and on the sides with black; face and cheeks white, dotted with black ; chin ferruginous; breast ferruginous ash-colour; belly and vent ash-colour; tail black.
This is probably allied to the last, but the place where it is found is not mentioned in the Mus. Carls. where only we have seen it.
15.—BRAMBLING FINCH.
Fringilla montifringilla, Ind. Orn.i. 439. Lin. i. 318. Faun. Suec. No. 223. Gm. Lin. i. 902. Amen. ac. iv. 596. Scop. i. No. 218. Razz, 88. Will. 187. t. 45. Bris. iii. 155. Td. 8vo. i. 849. Klein, 96.2. Id. Stem. 19. t. 19. f. 16. a—c. Brun. No. 255, 256. Muller, No. 256. Kramer, 367.3. Frisch, t.3? Borowsk. ii. 136. t.62. A. Naturf. xiii. 185. Faun. Helvet. Sepp, Voy. ii. t. 116. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 221. Id. Ed. ii. 361. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 444. pl. 65. 2.
Der Bergfinke, Naturf. xvii. 99. Jd. xxii. s. 132. (Tunnenfinke).
Pingon des Ardennes, Buf. iv. 124. Pl. enl. 54. 2.
Fringilla montana, Roman. Orn. 146, t. 22.2. Gerin. li. t. 338.
Fringuello montanino, Olin. Uc. t. p. 32.
Brambling, or Mountain Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 261. Br. Zool. No, 126. Id. 1812. 1. p. 454. Id. fol. 108. t. V. f.4. Arct. Zool. ii. 381. E. Albin. iii. pl. 64. Collins Birds, pl. 12. f.3.& pl. 4. f. 11. Will. Engl. 254. pl. 45. Hayes Birds, pl. 36. Bewick’s Birds, i. pl. p. 163. Lewin, Birds, u. pl. 80. Walcot, ii. pl. 218. Donov. iv. pl. 85. Pult. Cat. Dors. p.12. Ornith. Dict.
LENGTH six inches and a quarter. Bill yellowish, with a black tip; head, neck behind, and back black, the feathers margined with rufous brown; rump white; throat, fore part ofthe neck, and breast, pale rufous orange; lower part of the breast and belly white; lesser wing coverts pale rufous; the middle ones rufous white; the greatest black, tipped with white, and those nearest the body with pale rufous ;- quills brown, with yellowish edges; tail a little forked; legs grey. The female has the colours less defined ; is brown where the male is black; and rufous grey instead of rufous.
This species migrates into England at certain seasons, but rarely, if ever, breeds here;* is frequently found among the Chaffinches,
* Mr. Bewick mentions their having been seen on the Cumberland Hills, in the month of August.
FINCH. 61
and sometimes in vast flocks, for I have had eighteen brought to me at once, which were killed with a single shot; are also seen at certain times in vast clouds in France, insomuch that the ground has been quite covered with their dung, and more than 600 dozen were killed each night;* said to be particularly fond of beech mast, but will also eat seeds of many other kinds: the flesh is eaten by some, but is apt to prove bitter. Are said to build about Luxemburg, making the nest on tall fir trees, of long moss, lined with wool and feathers ; the eggs four or five, yellowish, and spotted; the young fledged the end of May.t This species is probably more or less common throughout Europe; found in plenty in the pine forests of Russia and Siberia, but those of the latter are darker in colour, and less in size:¢ how far southward this species extends is not certain, but Mr. White talks of their being now and then seen at Gibraltar, in their periodical flights; probably to and from Barbary.
A.—Size of the Brambling. Upper parts of the plumage as in that bird; over each eye a black streak, tending to the hindhead; across the back part of the head another, meeting the first; on the wing coverts a bar of reddish white, and below it a ferruginous one ; throat and breast tawny; belly and rump white.
This was met with off the Coast of Japan, and in the collection of Sir Joseph Banks.
B.—Montifringilla leucocephala, Bris. iii, 159. A. Id. 8vo.i. 350. Gen. Syn. ii. 262.
This is paler in colour than the Common Brambling, and the head wholly white.
* Hist. des. Ois.—Willughby observes, that they are common in the poulterer’s shops in winter.—Mr, Lamb informed me, that twenty-four birds were killed in Berkshire at one discharge of a fowling-pieee. + Hist. des Ois. + Mr. Pennant.
62 FINCH.
16.--LULEAN FINCH.
Fringilla lulensis, Ind. Orn. i. 452. Lin.i. 318. Faun. Suec. No. 134. ‘Gm. Lin.i. 902. Muller, No. 257. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 457.
Fringilla flammea, Besek. Vog. Kurl. p. 79. No. 174.
Carduelis suecica, Bris. iii. 63. Td. Svo. i. $24.
Chardonneret a quatre raies, Buf iv. 210.
Lulean Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 278. Arct. Zool. ii. 380. B.
SIZE of the Goldfinch. Bill brown: the head and upper parts blackish ash-colour ; throat‘and fore part of the neck white; breast rufous; from thence to the vent whitish; lesser wing coverts rufous; the next the same, forming a band; below this a band of black, and then another of rufous: this is followed by a second of black, and lastly by a white one; quills dusky; tail dusky ash-colour.
Inhabits Sweden; chiefly about West Bothnia. M.Temminck esteems it as the female of the Brambling.
17.—LAPLAND FINCH.
Fringilla lapponica, Ind. Orn.i. 440, Lin. i. 317. Faun. Suec. No. 235. Id. Retz. No. 219, Gm. Lin.i. 900. Faun. Groenl. 119. 82. Phil. Trans. \xii. p. 404. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 489,
Fringilla montana, Bris. iii. 160. Jd. 8vo. i. 350. Klein, 92. 10.
calearata, Pall. It. ii. 710. 20. t. E. :
Emberiza calcarata, Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. 191. Id. Ed. ii. 322.
— melanocephala, Scop. i. No. 208. Ind. Orn. i. 412: Shaw's Zool. ix. 365.
Le grand Montain, Buf. iv. 134.
Greater Brambling, Albin, iii. pl. 63.
Black-headed Bunting, Gen. Syn. ii. p. 198.
Lapland Finch, ‘Gen. Syn. iii. 263. Arc. Zool. ii. No. 259.
LARGER than the Chafiinch; length six inches and a half. Bill horn-colour, tip black ; head blackish, spotted with rufous white ; upper part of the neck, back, and body, rufous, spotted with brown ; behind each eye‘a curved white spot ; throat, fore part of the neck, and breast, pale rufous; belly, thighs, and vent, white ;
FINCH. 63
lesser wing coverts pale rufous; middle ones black, edged with yellow, and tipped with white, forming a bar on the wing; quills black, with pale yellowish green edges; tail the same, a little forked in shape; legs black, hind claw long. ’
The female differs from the male, in being paler.
This species is found in Lapland, and in the Ferroe Islands; the north parts of Siberia, and near the Uralian Chain, where it breeds; arrives in flocks from the south, and frequents the fields at the first flowering of the Whitlow grass :* note nearly like that of a Linnet, but its flight is higher, and more lasting; runs on the ground like a Lark, and feeds on seeds: it also inhabits, though less frequently, the fields of the inner Bay of Greenland, and makes a nest, in June, of moss and grass, lined with feathers; Jays five or six brownish slate-coloured eggs, mixed with a duller colour. Migrates into America in autumn; found at Hudson’s Bay, and there called Tecu- mashish; but it seems to differ i size, as Dr. Forster makes the length only five inches, breadth seven, and weight half an ounce; but adds, that the description in the Fauna Suecica best answers to his bird: it is found about Severn River, in winter only, appearing first in November, and is commonly seen among the juniper trees. Fabricius, in his Fauna Groenlandica, thinks it to be the same bird with my Passerine Bunting.
18.—SNOW FINCH.
Fringilla nivalis, Ind. Orn.i. 440. Lin.i. 321. Gm. Lin. i. 911. Bris. iii. 162. t. 15. 1. Id. 8vo.i. 351. Faun. Helvet. Gmel. Reise, iv. 168. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 492. Tem Man. d’Orn, 223, Id. Ed.ii. p.363.
Snow Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 264. Amer. Orn. i. pl. 21. f. 2.
LENGTH seven inches. Bill black; head and hind part of the neck cinereous; back, scapulars, and rump grey brown; margins
* Draba Vernans.
64. FINCH.
of the feathers paler; upper tail coverts black ; thighs pale ash- colour; all the under parts of the body snow white; also the wing coverts, and second quills, except the two nearest the body, which are brown; the bastard wing, and greater quills black; the two middle tail feathers are black, the others white, tipped with black.
Inhabits various parts of the European Continent, particularly near Dauphiny, in France; also about the snowy tops of the Cauca- sian Mountains, and those of Persia, descending into the plains in winter.
One in the collection of Mr. Bullock differed ina few particulars; in the middle of the throat was a large patch of black; the under tail coverts tipped with ash-colour, and the outer tail feathers wholly white ; the bill yellowish.
A.—Fringilla nivalis, Gm. Lin. i. 911. 21. 6. Gmel. It. iv. 168. Pail. n. nord. Beytr. iv. 46.
Length seven inches. Bill black; head and hind part of the neck cinereous; back and rump grey brown; two middle tail feathers black, the rest white, with the tips black.
Inhabits the Caucasian and Hyrcanian Alps; is also an in- habitant of North America.
19.—CAPSA FINCH.
Fringilla Capsa, Ind. Orn. i. 440. Gm. Lin.i. 912. Shaw's Zool. ix. 495. Le Dattier, Buf. iii. 487. Voy. en Barbar. i. 272.
Capsa Sparrow, Shaw’s Trav. 253.
—— Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 265,
SIZE of a Sparrow. Bill short, and thick; black above, and beneath yellowish; about the gape a few bristles; fore part of the head, and throat white; the rest of the head, the neck, and whole of the body grey, more or less inclining to red, most so on the
FINCH. 65
breast; wings and tail black, the latter rather forked; wings reach two-thirds on it; legs yellowish.
Inhabits Abyssinia; found also in Barbary, to the south of Tunis ; it flies in flocks, and is frequent about granaries, like our Sparrow; Often seen in the date villages, to the west of the Lake of Marks; has an exceedingly fine note, much better than that of a Canary Bird, or Nightingale, but will not bear to be transported from its native place.
20.—ALPINE FINCH.
Sturnus collaris, Ind. Orn.i. 323. Gm. Lin. i. 805. Scop. i. No. 192. Motacilla Alpina, Gm. Lin.i, 957.
Avis Kyburgensis, Gesn. Av, t. p. 725.
Fringilla gularis, Fluelerche, Andr. Briefe aus der Schweiz, p. 202. tab. 13. Fringilla, in Etruria, Sordone dicta, Gerini, iii. 338. f. 1.
Accentor Alpinus, Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. 142. Id. Ed. p. 248.
Le Fauvette des Alpes, Buf. v. 156. pl. 10. Pl. en. 668, 2.
Collared Stare, Gen. Syn. il. p. 8 Shaw’s Zool. x. 487.
Alpine Warbler, Gen. Syn.iv. 434. 25.
LENGTH seven inches, breadth ten. Bill seven lines long, rather stout at the base, sharp edged, and pointed at the end; pale yellow, with a blackish tip ; irides hazel, or crimson ; plumage above dusky grey, marked with spots of darker brown on the back; wing coverts tipped with triangular white spots ; rump brown and white mixed ; chin and throat white, marked with numerous, small dusky black spots; breast and belly brown, the feathers undulated with faint black lines; sides rufous orange; the tail dark brown, somewhat hollowed out at the end; inner webs marked with pale rufous white at the tips; legs yellowish horn-colour; hind toe long: we do not learn whether there is any difference between the two sexes, but in some birds the tip of the tail is dusky white.
Inhabits Carniola and Carinthia; found also on the Alps, and
high mountains of Auvergne, and Dauphiny, except in extreme cold VOL. VI. K
66 FINCH.
and snowy seasons; for the most part observed on the ground. Gesner’s bird was met with in Switzerland, one having come by chance into the apartments of Kyburg, an old castle there, at Christmas, 1559, and considered as a rare bird.
The Rev. J. White, who long resided at Gibraltar, observes, that it is seen there in small flights of seven or eight, on the east part of the rock, hopping from bush to bush, aud keeping pretty close together: it feeds on seeds only, for Mr. White mentions, that two having been shot, and one of them but slightly hurt, he put it into a cage; it soon grew very tame, and was fed with canary seed, but after a month it sickened and died: the other, which was killed, being opened, nothing was found in the stomach but seeds. The ranking it, therefore, with the Starling Genus, seems improper, as that bird feeds only on worms and insects; and for the same reason it should be removed from the Warblers, with which it was last placed. It has a weak, slender note; fond of covered places, where it may enjoy retirement, being a solitary and shy species, and oftener seen on the ground than elsewhere : it is far from a common bird.
21.—_ CRESCENT FINCH.
Fringilla arcuata, Ind. Orn. i. 440. Gm. Lin.i. 912. Shaw’s Zool. x. 530. Passer Capitis B.Spei, Bris, iii. 104. t.5. f.3. Id. 8vo.i. 336.
Le Croissant, Buf. ii. 501. Moineau du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Pl. en/. 230. 1. Crescent Finch, Gen. Syn. iil. 266.
SIZE of the House Sparrow; length six inches. Bill black ; head, and neck before, as far as the breast, black; from the eyea streak of white passes down on each side of the neck, and growing broader, surrounds the fore part as a crescent; hind part of the neck pale brown; back, scapulars, and lesser wing coverts chestnut; the middle coverts black, tipped with white; the greatest and quills
FINCH. 67
brown, edged with grey; tail long, much rounded at the end, deep brown; legs brown.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.
22.—LOVELY FINCH.
Fringilla formosa, Ind. Orn. i. 441. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 466. Lovely Finch, Gen. Syn. Sup. p, 268.
SIZE of a Siskin, Bill red; the general colour of the plumage green; chin and fore part of the neck inclining to yellow; belly and vent elegantly barred black and white; tail dusky black ; legs pale ~ red.—Inhabits India; met with among the drawings of Lady Impey, as also in those of Mrs. Wheeler.
In the collection of Sir J. Anstruther is a similar bird; length, in the drawing, under four inches. Bill and irides red: the general colours much the same as the other; the vent pale greenish yellow; tail much rounded, of a deep black, the upper coverts reaching to the middle of it.
Inhabits the Coast of Coromandel.
23.—MACAO FINCH.
Fringilla melanictera, Ind. Orn.i. 442. Gm. Lin.i. 910. Moineau de Macao, Buf. iii. 486, Pl: enl. 224. 1. Black and orange Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 268.
SIZE of a Linnet; length four inches and a half. The bill pale brown; plumage in general full black, except the wings and tail, the feathers of which are deeply margined with ferruginous; and on the belly a few white spots; legs brown.
Tnhabits Macao. K 2
68 FINCH.
24.—GOURA FINCH.
LENGTH five inches. Bill and legs pale brown; plumage in general deep black; wings and tail deep rufous; the head feathers elongated, and capable of being erected into a crest, particularly so in the male, from some of them being longer than the others, giving the appearance of a slender crest, and as long as the head.
The female is dusky brownish ash, mottled with dusky dots about the head ; from the breast to vent very pale ash, with dusky streaks ; wings and tail brown, the feathers margined with pale rufous; the head feathers a trifle longer, but barely distinguishable.
Inhabits India.—From the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther ; there named Kof-Goura. ‘This and the last seem to be much allied.
25.—W HITB-BREASTED FINCH.
Fringilla melanoleuca, Ind. Orn.i. 442. Gm. Lin.i. 910. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 525. Moineau de Java, Buf. iii. 486. Pl. enl. 224, 3. White-breasted Finch, Gen. Syn. ili. 268:
SIZE of a Linnet. Bill and legs pale brown; plumage in general black, except an irregular bar of white across the breast. Inhabits Java.
26.—SCARLET FINCH.
Fringilla coccinea, Ind. Orn.i. 444. Gm. Lin. 1. 921. Shaw’s Zool.ix. 454, Scarlet Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 270.
LENGTH four inches and a half. Bill as in the Goldfinch, but longer, and very sharp at the pomt, colour pale brown; the genéral colour of the plumage a brilliant deep orange, verging to scarlet ;
FINCH. 69
wings and tail dusky, the last even at the end; outer edges of the quills fringed with orange, and the ends of the prime ones black. Inhabits Sandwich Islands.—In the Leverian Museum.
27.—ROSY FINCH.
Fringilla rosea, Ind. Orn. i. 444.33. Pall. It. ii. 699. Gm. Lin. i. 923. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 449,
Pyrrhula erythrina, Tem. Man. 205. Id. Ed. ii. 337.
Loxia erythrina, Gm. Lin.i. 864. WN. C. Petr. xiv. 587. t. 23. f. 1.
cardinalis, der Haubenblutfink, Bes. Vog. Kurl.77. No. 166.
Rosy Finch, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii, 207.
LENGTH. near five inches, weight five drams. _ Bill brownish horn-colour: lore grey; head, neck, and throat, red ; lower part of the neck whitish; nape and back cinereous, with a reddish tinge ; wing coverts brown, with reddish edges; quills the same, margined with luteous ; body beneath white, tinged with red on the breast | and sides; tail rather forked, the shafts of the feathers brown, with luteous margins; legs as the bill.
The female wholly yellowish .ash-colour above, marked on the crown with yellowish spots; sides of the head almost white; chin white; on the neck a few obscure brown marks; tail dusky brown, margined with grey.
Inhabits the thick woods about the Volga and Samara, and there called the Red Sparrow—is a tame, foolish bird: the female makes a nest of hay, between the branches of trees; found in small numbers in winter, among the flocks of Snow-flakes, and feeds on the seeds of plants; is met with also in Siberia, about the River Tomsck.
In Pallas’s bird the feathers round the base of the bill are silvery white, and the margins of the tail feathers rose-colour.
M. Temminck takes in my Crimson-crowned Finch, as one of the synonyms to this species, but I can scarcely be persuaded to join him in the same opinion; more especially as in the former the whole of the feathers of the crown are somewhat lengthened, and appear
70 FINCH.
almost crested, of a beautiful glowing fiery red; but in the Rosy Finch the whole head and neck are of a red colour, and the feathers of the crown not conspicuously elongated.
28.—TOOTY FINCH.
LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill rather stout, pale brown; nostrils distinct, and covered with setaceous, reversed feathers, arising at the base; tongue entire, short, fleshy ; eyelids and irides brown; head reddish, with a brownish lore; upper parts of the neck and back brown, with a mixture of reddish; chin, throat, and breast, red ; belly and vent white; sides, thighs, and wing coverts, grey ; rump red; quills dusky, outer web margined with red; the wings reach almost to the middle of the tail, which is forked, and marked as the quills; legs brown.
The female the same size. Eyelids olive; plumage above dusky, borders of the feathers greenish ; chin and breast dusky, the feathers edged with yellowish ; thighs and sides pale brown ; rump and upper tail coverts olive; greater wing coverts edged with greenish, and those next the body have dirty yellow points; the outer webs of the quills margined with green ; under wing coverts dirty white, mixed with yellow ; tail feathers margined with green.
This is one of the birds called by the natives of Bengal, Tooty ; but is not found about Calcutta.—The above account given by Dr. Buchanan, who informs me, that he had the specimens from the Sylhet, and that it is called Chuta Tooty. This, too, is well repre- sented in various drawings of Indian birds of Sir J. Anstruther, where it is named in one place (in the Persian) Tooty Suffaid, or White Tooty ; in another Tooty Surk, or Red Tooty.—In Lord Valentia’s drawings called Tutie. It seems to correspond in many things with the Rosy Species.
FINCH. 71
29.—PINE FINCH.
Fringilla Pinetorum, Ind. Orn. i. 445. Gm. Lin. i. 926. Lepech. It. ii. 188. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 503. Pine Finch, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 207.
THE plumage of this bird is testaceous, inclining to rufous above, and yellow beneath; on the breast a transverse ferruginous band. Inhabits the pine forests of Siberia.
30.—FOREST FINCH.
Fringilla sylvatica, Ind. Orn.i. 446. Gm. Lin.i. 926. Lepech. It. 11. t. 7.2. Shaw's Zool, ix. 528. Forest Finch, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 207.
THE head of this species is fasciated ; the body grey and black: breast and belly hoary.—Found with the last.
31.—LONG-BILLED FINCH.
Fringilla longirostris, Ind. Orn.i. 447. Gm. Lin.i. 900. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 459. Fringilla Senegalensis, Bris. iii. 173. t. 15. 2. Id. 8vo.i. 355.
Le Pinson a long bec, Buf. ii. 143.
Long-billed Finch, Gen. Syn. ii. 277.
LARGER than the Chaffinch ; length six inches and a quarter. Bill three quarters of an inch long, grey brown; head and throat black ; round the neck a collar of chestnut; back, wings, and rump, brown and yellow mixed ; all the under parts orange-yellow ; quills brown, edged with olive without, and fringed with yellow, for two- thirds from the base within ; secondaries the same as the outer edges; tail olive; all, except the two middle feathers, have the inner webs fringed with yellow; legs grey brown.—Inhabits Senegal.
72 FINCH.
32.—WHITE-CHEEKED FINCH.
Fringilla nevia, Ind. Orn.i. 448, Gm. Lin. i. 911. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 496, White-cheeked Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 278.
SIZE of a Sparrow ; length five inches and three quarters. Bill half an inch, pale ash-colour; head, neck, and under parts, the same, streaked with dusky on the upper parts and neck ; beneath plain ; back and thighs pale rufous, streaked with dusky ; sides of the head white; through the eye a reddish streak, bounded on the under part with black ; on the under jaw a streak of black, which joins the black above the eye at the hind part; tail dusky; legs black.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.—-From a drawing in the collection of Sir Joseph Banks.
33.—BLACK-HEADED FINCH.
Fringilla melanocephala, Ind. Orn. i. 448. Gm. Lin.i. 911. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 531.
Black-headed Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 278.
LENGTH four inches. Bill red; head, and fore part of the neck black; back, wings, and tail, ferruginous brown ; sides of the neck and under the wings a little streaked with black; hind part of the neck and belly white ; quills black; legs lead-colour.
34.—BROWN FINCH.
Fringilla fusca, Ind. Orn. i. 448. Gm. Lin. i. 911. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 532. Brown Finch, Gen. Syn. ii. 278.
THIS isa trifle larger than the Wren. Bill dusky ; upper parts of the plumage brown, the feathers edged with darker brown; under parts brownish white; legs dusky.—The two last described from Chinese drawings, in possession of the late Captaim Broadley.
FINCH. 73
35.—EUSTACHIAN FINCH.
Fringilla Eustachii, Ind. Orn.i. 448. Gm. Lin. i. 911. Fringilla Insulz S. Eustachii, Bris. ii. 177. Id. 8vo.i. 356. Klein, 90. 18. Shaw's
Zool. ix. 476. Le Pinson jaune et rouge, Buf. iv. 145. Passer Africanus eximius, Seba, ii. 67. t. 65. f. 2. Eustachian Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 279.
SIZE of a Chaffinch; length five inches and a half. Bill red; head, neck, and upper parts yellow; on each side of the head, under the eye, a spot of blue; breast and under parts orange; wings, tail, and legs, red.
The whole of the above has been originally taken from Seba, who certainly does not say, that the bird is of Eustachian origin, although authors following him have conceived as much. He merely says, that he had a drawing of it sent to him from St. Eustatia; but calls it the African Sparrow.
36.—FRIZZLED FINCH.
Fringilla crispa, Ind. Orn.i. 449. Lin.i. 324. Gm. Lin. i. 927. Bris. App. p. 86. Id. 8vo.i. 370. Gerin. iv. t. 368. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 480.
Le Pinson frisé, Buf. iv. 148. t.7. f. 2.
Black and yellow frizzled Sparrow, Edw. pl.271. 1.
Frizzled Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 280.
SIZE of a Chaffinch. Bill white; the head and neck black ;* upper parts of the body, wings, and tail deep olive; beneath yellow ; legs brown; the feathers of the body all frizzled, as in one of our
breeds of Poultry.
Inhabits Africa, Angola? The Portuguese call it Beco de Prata: some think it is a native of Brazil.
* In the Pl. enl. is a streak of white from the forehead to the crown; a curved patch of
white beneath the eye; and a spot of‘ white on the wings. VOL. VI. L
74. FINCH.
37.—COLLARED FINCH.
Fringilla Indica, Ind. Orn.i. 449. Gm. Lin.i. 928. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 502. -- torquata Indica, Bris. App. p. 85. Id. 8vo.1. 369.
Le Pinson a double Collier, Bufiiv. 149.
Collared Finch, Gen. Syn. i. 280. Edw. pl. 272.
SIZE of a Chaffinch. Bill and head black; round the bill and eyes, and the throat white, passing round the neck as a collar; on the lower part of the neck before a black bar; the rest of the under parts rufous white; the upper cinereous brown, palest on the rump; wing coverts black, fringed with glossy rufous; secondaries the same ; greater quills black ; tail and legs cinereous brown.
Inhabits India.
38.—GOLDFINCH.
Fringilla Carduelis, Ind. Orn. i. 449. Linsi. 318. Gm. Lin.i. 903. Faun. suec. No. 236. Id. Retz. No. 223. MRaii, 89. A.1. Will. 189. t.46. Bris. ii. 53. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 820. Klein, 97:4. Id. Stem. 20. t. 19. f. 18. a—c. Id. ov. 30. t. 9. f. 11. Scop. i. No. 211.. Brun. No. 257, 258. Kramer, 365. 1. Frisch, t.1. Muller, No. 258. Faun. arag. 87. Schef. El: Orn. t. 24. Roman. Orn. 132. t. 20. Me- rian, Ins. t. 173. Borowsk. iii. 138. 8. Faun. Helvet: Gerin. iii. t. 353. 1. & 344. 1. Nat. Misc. pl. 749. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 160. pl. 63. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 239. Id. Ed. ii. 377.
Cardellino, Zinnan. Uov. 58. t. 8. 47. Olin. Uc. t. p. 10.
Calderugio, Cet. Uc. Sard. 209.
Der Distelfink, Naturf. xvii. 99.
Le Chardonneret, Buf. iv. 187. t. 10. Pl. enl. t. 4. f.1. Hist. Prov.i. 511. Johnst. Av. pl. 37. f. 7.
Stigeliz, Wirs. Vog. t.9. & 30. Gunth. Nest. u. Hy. t.3.—upper fig. Maturf, xxii. 144. Schmid, Vog. p. 80. t. 66.
Goldfinch or Thistlefinch, Gen. Syn.in. 281. Br. Zool. 11. No. 124. Id. 1812. i. p. 447. Id. fol. 108. t. V. f.1. Collins, Birds, pl. 1: f. 7. & pl. 4. £8. Arct. Zool. ii. 283. H. Ives, Voy. 351. Russ. Alep. 70. Walle Engl. 246, pl. 46. Albin, i. 64:
€
FINCH. 75
Id. Song Birds, pl.p.18. Hayes, Birds, pl. 34. Bolton, Birds, pl. 21, 22. Bewick, Birds, pl. p. 165. Lewin’s Birds, ii. pl. 81. Wale. Birds, ii. pl. 219. Dono». pl. 103, Pult. Cut. Dors. p.12. Orn. Dict. Graves Br. Ornith.
SIZE well known. Bill white, tipped with black, the base surrounded with a ring of rich scarlet feathers ; from the corners of the mouth a black line; cheeks white; top of the head black; the white on the cheeks bounded, almost to the fore part of the neck, with black ; hindhead white; back, rump, and breast, pale tawny brown, the two last lightest; belly white; wing coverts in the male black ; quills black, marked in their middle with beautiful yellow, tips white; tai] black, but most of the feathers marked near their ends with a white spot ; legs white.
The female differs in having the feathers at the base of the bill brown, which in the male are black ; lesser wing coverts brown ; and the black and yellow on the wings less brilliant.
The young bird is grey on the head, and _ by the bird-catchers is called a Grey Pate. The Goldfinch in some parts of England is called Thistle-Finch, and Goldspink ; also Tailor, and Proud Tailor : as far back.as Shakespear’s time at least.* In Cheshire Jack Nicker. +
This bird is much esteemed for its fine note, as well as great tameness and docility;+ it makes a curious, and well-constructed nest, of fine moss, liverwort, thistle down, &c. lining it first with wool and hair, and then with the down, or gosling, of the Sallow: lays five white eggs, marked with deep purple spots at the larger end; it has two broods in a year; often builds in orchards, and in fruit trees; its principal food appears to be the seeds of thistles and teasel, about which it is most commonly found, but will eat also plaintains, chickweed, hemp, and other seeds in turn; said to be a long-lived bird, and will often exceed 20 years.§
It isin plenty throughout Europe, and found as high as Sondmor ; whether it goes farther north is doubtful: common in Germany,
* See Hen. IV. Act. 3. Sc. 1.—note. + Archeol. Vol. 19. p. 29.
+ Those of Kent are most esteemed. § Gesner.—Daud.i. 126. L 2
76 FINCH.
France, and Italy; appears in the latter in April, and breeds there; also in Spain, comes in prodigious flocks early in the winter to Gibraltar, ~ and continues all that season; disperses in spring; very few seen in summer; feeds on thistles during their stay: the bird-catchers take them in vast numbers, and keep the stoutest of the males for singing, the rest, with the females, are killed and eaten. Common in Russia, and the greater part of Siberia; none beyond the Lena, and Lake Baikal; is found in both Africa* and Asia,t but less common.
A.—Fringilla leucocephalos, Bris. in. 57. Td. 8vo. i. 821. Will. 189. Id. Engl. 257. Var.2. Buf.iv. 202. Gen. Syn. ii. 282.
This is like the Common sort, except about the bill and the eyes, which are white in this, instead of red, as in the Common Species.
B.—Carduelis capite striato, Bris. iii. 58. B. Id. 8vo.i. 321. Bufriv. p.3. Brown, Jam. 468. Gen. Syn. iii. 183. B.
In this the head is striped, alternately, with red and yellow.
C.—Carduelis melanocephalos, Bris. iii. 58. C. Id. 8vo.i. 322. Buf. iv. 203. Spalowsk. Vog. ii. t. 43. Swallow Goldfinch, Albin, iii. 70. a. Gen. Syn. ii. 283.
Bill flesh-coloured ; irides yellowish; the head, throat, and neck . black, spotted with red near the bill; breast, back, scapulars, and
rump yellowish brown ; belly, sides, thighs, and under tail coverts white; the rest as in the Common; legs fiesh-colour.
* Dr. Forster met with it at Madeira. See Voy. p. 26.
+ At Aleppo.—Russ. Alep. p.70. I have seen it more than once in Chinese drawings, though this circumstance will not, perhaps, prove it to be otherwise than a caged bird. I have observed it also, with others, in drawings from India, but whether indigenous to either of the last-named places, could not be ascertained.
FINCH. 7 ie
D.—Carduelis albida, Bris. ii. 59. D. Buf. iv. 204. Will. 257. Var. 4,
This bird is red on the forehead, cheeks, and throat; the other parts whitish, except the wings and tail, which are brownish ash- colour, and the yellow on the wings dingy.
E.—Carduelis candida, Bris. iii. 60. Jd. 8vo.i. 322. Buf.iv. 204. Pl. enl. 4. f.2. Will. 189. 3. Id. Engl. 257. 3. Gen. Syn. iii. 283. E.
This is wholly white, except the outer edges of the quills, which are yellow; a little mixture of the same on the wing coverts; the ends of some of the quills half black, and tipped with white; the legs white.
One in the Leverian Museum white, with the parts, which are usually rich scarlet, of a pale glossy red. A second wholly white, and a third white, except the crown of the head, which is mottled with red, and a crescent of the same under the throat; the wings are yellowish.
Buffon mentions one having a black head; the red parts very pale; beneath greyish white ; wing coverts pale olive; the yellow of the wings as usual; wings and tail white; the bill and legs reddish white. This was caught at large.
F.—Carduelis nigra, Bris. iii. 60. F. pl.4. f.5. Buf.iv. 205.7. Gen. Syn. iii. 284. F.
General colour black, except four of the middle quills, viz. from the fourth to the seventh, brimstone-coloured on the outer edge, and white within, from the base to the middle; bill and legs whitish.
Goldfinches, entirely black, are not uncommon ; some have the appearance of red about the head, others not ; of the first I have one
78 FINCH.
in my collection, which had been a caged bird, and gradually be- came of that colour.
G.—Carduelis nigra icterocephalos, Bris. iii. 61. G. Id. Svo. i. 323. Buf. iv. 207. 8. Cardueli congener, Razi, 90.2. Will. 189. Bird, akin to the Goldfinch, Will. Engl. 257. Gen. Syn. iii. 285. G.
Rather larger than a Goldfinch. The bill surrounded with a saftron-coloured ring; the rest of the head, and upper parts blackish; breast greenish black; belly and under parts brownish ash-colour ; edge of the wing greenish black ; quills black, with more white than
common in them ; the usual yellow parts merely inclining to yellow ; quills black.
H.—Carduelis Hybrida, Bris. ii. 62. H. Carduelis spurius, Gerin. ii. t. 355, 2. Chardonneret metis, Buf. iv. 207. Canary Goldfinch, Albin, iii. pl. 70. B.
The head in this is not unlike that of a Goldfinch, but less bright; upper parts of the body yellowish brown ; the under yellow ; wings as in the Goldfinch; tail yellow, tipped with black. This Variety proceeds from a mixture between the cock Goldfinch, and the hen Canary Finch.
Mr. Pennant mentions twe other Varieties, one called a Cheverel, from the manner of concluding its jerk, distinguished by a white streak, or two or three white spots under the throat. This is taken not above once in two or three years, by the London bird-catchers, and sells for a very high price.
* This had hempseed for its usual ‘food. Buffon mentions one that changed black all at once, after being four years in a cage. It kept so for eight months, when it began to resume its former colours, and this happened three times. An electrified Goldfinch lost the red of the head and yellow of the wings six months after.
FINCH. ) 79
The other is called a Nichol; this is smaller; the fore part of the head of the male has a spot of dark red, almost approaching to black ; hind part of the head dusky brown; back and wings the same, except a feather or two in the latter, of a dingy yellow; tail rather forked; belly ash-colour, dashed with brown, irregular spots; the note jerking, and rather hoarse, which is heard when the bird is in motion :_neck very short; the nest much like that of the Goldfinch, but less, as are the eggs.
This is said to be an occasional visitant in the neighbourhood of Wrexham, Denbigh; and probably other parts of North Wales.
39.-GREEN GOLDFINCH.
Fringilla Melba, Ind. Orn.i. 451. Lin. i. 319. Osb. Voy. 11. 329. Gm. Lin. 1. 904. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 463.
Carduelis viridis, Bris. App. 70. Id. 8vo. i. 326.
Maracaxao, Buf. iv. 211.
Gros-bec, Tem. Man Ed. ii. Anal. p. 1xxi.
Green Goldfinch, Gen. Syn. iii, 286. Edw. pl. 272.—male. 128,—female.
SIZE of our Goldfinch. Bill flesh-coloured ; fore part of the head and throat of a bright red ; between the bill and eye bluish ash- colour; the upper parts of the bird are yellowish green ; wing coverts and, secondaries. greenish, with red margins; quills dusky; breast olive-green, changing to white on the belly and under the tail ; under parts of the bird variegated with dusky, broken, transverse lines; rump.and tail bright red; the last even at the end; legs pale brown.—The female has a. pale yellow bill; top of the head and neck ash-colour; base of the wings and rump yellowish. green, instead of red; tail brown, edged with dull red ; in other things not unlike the male, having the red face as in that sex.
Inhabits China ; but Edwards’s bird said to come from Brazil.
80 FINCH.
40.—BEAUTIFUL FINCH.
Fringilla elegans, Ind. Orn. ii. 441. Gm. Lin. i. 912. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 465. Le beau Marquet, Buf. iii. 497. pl. 30. 2. Pl. enl. 203. 1. Beautiful Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 266. Nat. Misc. pl. 505.
SIZE of a House Sparrow; length five inches. Bill red, a very little bending; forehead, all round the bill, and throat red; breast yellow ; hind part of the head, and neck dusky ash ; back and wings green; tips of the quills dusky; breast, belly, and sides crossed with irregular lines of white spots; lower belly, thighs, and vent, white ; rump and tail red, inclining to chestnut; the last a little rounded ; legs flesh-colour.
Inhabits Africa. Found at Mosambique by Mr. Salt.-—This seems to have much aflinity to the Green Goldfinch.
41.—RED-FACED FINCH.
Fringilla Afra, Ind. Orn.i. 451. Gm. Lin. i. 905. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 448. Red-faced Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 286. Brown. Ill. pl. 25.
LENGTH near six inches. General colour of the plumage deep dull green; cheeks tinged with crimson; prime quills dusky, with dull orange edges; tail dull crimson: legs yellowish.
Inhabits Angola, and probably differs from the Beautiful Finch only in sex: one, in Mr. Bullock’s Museum, has the same parts red as in that bird; body plain yellow olive; wings, for the most part, ferruginous orange; rump and tail chestnut red; bill pale.
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FINCH. 81
42. PARROT FINCH.—Pt. xcvi.
Fringilla psittacea, Ind. Orn.i. 451. Gm. Lin.i. 903. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 447. pl. 66. Parrot Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 287. pl. 48.
SIZE of a Waxbill. Bill black; face, taking in the eyes and throat, deep scarlet; rump and vent the same; the rest of the body Parrot-green, paler beneath; outer edge of the quills green, the inner cinereous brown; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers deep scarlet, with brown shafts; the others have the outer web scarlet, the inner brown; legs black.
This most beautiful species was shot by Dr. Forster, at New Caledonia.
43.—RED-HEADED FINCH.
Fringilla erythrocephala, Ind. Orn.i. 454. Gm. Lin.i. 903. Shaw's Zool. ix. 458.
Red-headed Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 287. Brown. Jil. pl. 28.
LENGTH near five inches. Bill black; head and neck rich scarlet ; space round the eyes black ; back, breast, and belly, olive; wings black, with two bars of white on the coverts; tail black; legs reddish grey.—Inhabits the Island of Mauritius.
M. Temminck thinks this to be the same as the Madagascar Grosbeak ; but in the specimens we have seen of that bird, not only the head and neck, but every part, except the- wings and tail, are crimson ; though in some there is a mixture of black on the back. If, therefore, at all allied, they may differ from one another in sex.
44.—CHESTNUT-BELLIED FINCH.
LENGTH five inches. Bill black; plumage above deep brown, beneath deep ferruginous chestnut ; legs black.
VOL. VI. M
82 FINCH.
Inhabits Sierra Leona.—Mr. Brogden. This resembles, in many things, the Minute Grosbeak, but it is a larger bird ; the bill that of a Finch, and without any white on the quills.
45.—SISKIN.
Fringilla Spinus, Ind. Orn. i. 452. Lin. i. 322. Faun. Suec. No. 237. Gm. Lin. i. 914. Scop.i. No. 212. Brun. No. 261, 262. Muller, No. 259. Kramer, 366. Frisch, t. 11. Georgi, p. 174. Sepp, Vog.t.p. 135. Klein, 94. Id. Stem. 20. t. 18. f. 4, a—c. Borowsk. iii. 142. Faun. Helvet. Gerin. iv. t. 361, 2. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 467. pl. 69. Tem. Man. d’Orn, 225. Id. Ed. ii. 372.
Ligurinus, Rati, 9. A. 5. Will. 192. t.46. Bris. iii. 65. Id. 8vo. i. 825. Roman. Orn. p. 118. t. 18. f. 2.
Le Tarin, Buf. iv. 221. Pl. enl. 485. 3. Hist. Prov. i. 513. Robert. Ic. pl. 3.
Der Zeisig, Naturf. xvii. 95. Schmid, Vog. p. 80. t. 67.
Zeislein, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. 56. t. 13.—lower fig. Naturf. xiii. s. 187.
Lucarino, Olin. Uc. t. p. 17. Cet. Ue. Sard. 211.
Siskin, or Aberdevine, Gen. Syn. iii. 289. Jd. Sup. 166. Br. Zool. No. 129. pl. 53. Id. 1812. i. p. 459. pl. GO. Id. fol. 109. t. V. 9 Arct. Zool. ii. No. 243. Td. p. 383. 1. Albin, ii. pl. 76. Id. Song Birds, pl. p. 83. Collins, Birds, pl. 8. f. 5. 6. Bewick, Birds, 1. pl. in p. 167. Lewin, Birds, ii. pl. 82. Bolt. Birds, i. pl. 26, 26. Walcot, Birds, pl. 220. Orn. Dict. Supp.
LENGTH four inches and three quarters. Bill white, witha black tip; top of the head black ; hindhead and all the upper parts yellowish olive, with a dusky dash down the middle of each feather ; rump yellowish ; the under parts of the body greyish yellow; belly whitish; under tail coverts streaked with dusky; thighs grey ; lesser wing coverts olive; the middle ones blackish, tipped with olive; greater ones the same; hence are fermed two olive-green bands; the three first quills are blackish, with the inner edges brimstone-colour ; the outer edge of the second and third yellow green; the others half blackish, half yellow, edged with greenish, and tipped with grey ; the tail a little forked; the two middle feathers blackish, edged with olive; the others yellow, with the tips black, and the edges grey ; the legs grey.
FINCH. 83
The female has the crown of the head grey and black mixed, and a whitish chin; otherwise like the male, but much less bright.
The Siskin is pretty common throughout Europe, and not unfre- quent in England in the winter; but in some years much more scarce than in others; during the time it stays here, it may be seen mixed with the lesser Redpole, on alder trees, and sometimes in great numbers, often running on the under part of the branches, and hanging with the back downwards, like the Titmouse, feeding on the seeds of those trees: it departs in spring. . In other countries they frequent hop gardens,* where they eat the seeds, and no doubt many other kinds of seeds also.t The nest, as figured by Sepp, is com- posed of dry bents and leaves, lined with feathers of various colours, and pretty full; the eggs are three in number, of a longish form, and dull white. Those figured by Bolton are white, marked with purple spots at the larger end; in other parts with small purple spots or points ; these were five in number, and sent to him from Berlin. But he has been assured, that they sometimes breed in Westmoreland ; and Mr. Lewin once informed me, that he has now and then seen them throughout the summer, and put into my possession two birds, male and female, shot in his garden, in Kent, in the summer months; however, we believe, this is not a common circumstance.
In Sussex it is called Barley Bird, being seen in that seed time. About London known by the name of Aberdevine.
In the western and southern parts of Russia this bird is found in plenty, but not met with towards the Uralian Chain, or in Siberia.§ It is reckoned by some among the song birds, though far inferior to many ; is often kept, and paired with the Canary Bird; with which it breeds freely.|| It is a very tame and docile species.
* This they are said to do in Germany, to the great detriment of the owners. t+ On Juniper Berries. Habitat in Europe juniperitis.—Lin. + Mr. Markwick never saw this in winter, having only met with it from the 10th to the ~ 30th of April, in 1780.—Lin. Trans. i. p. 120. § Mr. Pennant. || Twice in a season.—R. P. Bouget. Hist. des. Ois. p. 227. (g.) M 2
84 FINCH.
We find, from authors, that these birds are not uncommon in France, Italy, and Germany ; and probably they are known also in Spain, at least in Aragonia; for I learn from Mr. White, that they visit Gibraltar, but not constantly, appearing for the most part at an interval of years: called by Olina, Lucarmo, but some natives of Italy call it Ungano.
A.—Ligurinus niger, Bris. iii, 69. A. Id. 8vo.i. 325. Buf.iv. 233. Gen. Syn. in. 291. A.
This is black, with a yellowish crown; and met with in Siberia. Buffon mentions one taken at large, supposed to be a mixed breed between the Siskin and a Canary Finch; colour much like the former, the upper parts mixed grey, brown, and yellowish olive; the last chiefly on the neck, breast, ramp, and thighs; quills, tail, and almost all the wing coverts, blackish, edged with yellowish olive.
46.—INDIAN SISKIN.
SIZE of the Common Siskin. Bill and legs pale; crown of the head black ; the rest of the neck, sides under the eyes, and all beneath the body, yellow ; back, wings, and tail, black; rump pale, inclining to green; across the wing coverts an oblique bar of white; greater coverts tipped with white; tail black, tipped with white.
In a second, said to be the other sex; the head, neck, and under parts are yellow, inclining to dusky on the upper; wings and tail black, with two white bars on the wing coverts; tip of the tail yellowish.
Inhabits India. Described from some drawings, in which they were named, Male and Female Tusseeka.
FINCH. 85
47.—CHINESE FINCH.
Fringilla Sinica, Ind. Orn.i. 447. Lin. i. 8321. Gm. Lin. i. 910. Shaw’s Zool. 1x. 524. Osb. Voy. ii. 829. Bris. iii. 175. t. 7. f. 2. Id. 8vo.i. 355.
Tanagra Sinensis, Ind. Orn. i. 426. Gm. Lin. i. 897.
L’Olivette, Buf. iv. 144.
Mesange de Nanquin, Son. Voy. ii- 204. pl. 114?
Chinese Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. 229.
Chinese Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 277.
SIZE of a Linnet ; length five inches. Bill yellowish ; plumage above olive-brown, with atinge of rufous on the wing coverts nearest the body, back, and rump; round the bill, throat, and neck before, olive-green ; the rest of the under parts rufous, tinged with yellow on the belly ; under wing and tail coverts fine yellow; greater coverts, farthest from the body, black; quills and tail black, the feathers of both yellow, half way from the base; the yellow occupying more space on the latter, as the feathers are more outward, shape forked ; legs yellowish.
The female said to be less bright in colour.—In the collection of General Davies.
48.—ASIATIC FINGH.
Fringilla Asiatica, Ind. Orn. i. 447.
——-- Sinensis, Gm. Lin. i. 915. Shaw’s Zool.ix. 470: Le Tarrain de la Chine, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 202.
Chinese Siskin, Gen. Syn. iii. 293.
THE bill and head in this are black ; neck behind and back olive-green ; fore part of the neck, belly, and vent, yellow; wing coverts the same, the lesser crossed with two black bands, the larger tipped with a black spot ; quills black, the greater yellow half way from the base; tail coverts yellow; tail even, from the base to the middle yellow ; the rest black ; legs black.
Inhabits China with the last, probably differing in sex.
86 FINCH.
48.--PALE-RUMPED FINCH.
LENGTH four inches and half. Bill reddish brown; head, neck, and beneath pale yellow, inclining to green at the nape; back olive-green, then olive-yellow; and finally the ramp, the upper and under tail coverts, are pale cinereous ; wings brown, across the lesser coverts a pale rufous band ; below this a whitish one ; quills and tail brown, the latter hollowed out at the end, all but the two middle feathers marked with dusky white on the inner web at the tip; legs brown.—Native place uncertain.—Mr. Bullock.
50.—CANARY FINCH.
Fringilla Canaria, Ind. Orn. i, 454. Lin. i. 321. Gm. Lin. 1. 913. Brun. No, 259. 260. Frisch, t.12. Klein, 88. Id. Stem. 17. t.18. f.3. a.b. Borowsk. iii. 141. Roman, Orn. i. p. 122. t. 19. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 474.
Serinus Canarius, Bris,iti. 184. Jd. 8yo. i. 358. Rati, 91.6. Will. 192.1. 46. Kolb. Cap. ii. 156? Gerin. iv. t. 863, 364.
Le Serin des Canaries, Bufviv. 1. Pl. enl. 202. 1. Hist. Prov. i. 512.
Passera di Canaria, Zinnan. Uov. 60. t. 8. f. 49. t. 9.50. Olin. Uc. t. p. 7.
Canarien Vogel, Wirs. Vog. t. 18. & 29. Gunth. Nest.u. Ey. t. 83. Naturf, xviii. 94.
Canary Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 293. Will. Engl. 262. pl. 46. Albin, i. pl. 65. Id. Song Birds, pl. p. 84. Bolton, Birds, pl. 35, 36. Bewick’s Birds, i. p. 169.
ABOUT the size of the Hedge Sparrow ; length five inches and a half. Bill whitish, or tinged with red; colour of the plumage yellow, more or less mixed with grey; tail a little forked ; legs pale. The colour of these birds, in a state of nature, is chiefly grey,* but changes, into the greatest variety imaginable, from artificial management, in the same manner as our common poultry. They * The Canary Bird which grows white in France, is in the Island of Teneriffe almost as grey asa Linnet.—Adans. Voy. p. 20. The native Canary Bird is of a greyish colour, with some yellow feathers on his breast, which increase in number as the bird grows older,— Emb. to China, i. 122.
+ Twenty-nine Varieties mentioned by name in Hist. des. Ois. p. 10.; and many more by the Bird-fanciers.
FINCH. 87
inhabit, im a wild state, chiefly the Canary Islands, as well as some others at Palma, Cape Verd, Fayal, Madeira,* the South of Spain, particularly the province of Andalusia, and the Island of Majorca; some likewise are now and then seen in their native dress at Gibraltar; and it is said, that they affect to breed near watery places. I have ventured to assimilate this with the Serinus of Kolben, which is said to be of a yellowish green, mixed with grey on the back, and to sing like a Canary Bird, and therefore to suppose it a native of the Cape of Good Hope; from which place I have received it, taken at large, under the name of Cape Canary Bird. I have often seen the yellow sort mixed with grey, more or less, in Chinese drawings; but whether they had been caged birds, could not be ascertained ; the same with respect to India, but these last seemed to be more like the native sort. This bird seems to have been known in Europe, in 1555, when Belon wrote.—Aldrovand has given a bad figure of it ; but the first toler- able representation will be found in Olina, from which Willughby’s figure has been taken, and that of Johnston ; since which time the knowledge of this species has gradually increased, and sought after by every nation as a song bird. As to the method of rearing this favourite species in confinement, much has been said in various authors, too diffuse to be inserted here. Buffon has allowed more than fifty pages on this head ; and Willughby has treated lightly on the same subject; likewise Albin, in his Hist. of Song Birds, as well as others. We have, therefore, only to observe, that it breeds freely with the Serin and Citril Finches, our two following species, which in fact seem congenerous birds :—the first found in Italy, Greece, Turkey, Austria, and Provence; the other in Provence, Dauphiny, Lyons, Bugey, Geneva, Switzerland, Germany, Spain, and Italy.
* Hist. des. Ois. iv. pp. 35. 45. Forst. Voy. iis 590. Id. Obs. p. 26. Canary Finches in the neighbourhood of Orotave in Teneriffe, said to be uniformly green, some with a yel- low tint on their back.—Humboldt. In Salvage Island, said to be so abundant, that in breeding time, you ean scarcely walk there without breaking their eggs.
8s FINCH.
The Canary Bird will also produce with the Siskin and Goldfinch, but in this case, the breed generally proves sterile; the pairs suc- ceeding best when the hen is the Canary, and the cock of an opposite species.* It will also prove prolific with the Linnet, Yellowhammer, Chafiinch, and even with the House Sparrow ;+ but the male Canary will not willingly pair with the female of these birds; the female must ever be of the Canary Species, and even then the young for the most part prove mule-birds.
This species will feed on various seeds, but their most beloved diet is the Canary seed,t so called from growing naturally im the Canary Islands, but now propagated in quantity im England, so as to obviate the necessity of importation.§
As to the song, so highly prized by most, it is needless here to dwell on, as every thing on the subject may be read in a well written essay on this and other singing birds, by the late Honourable Daines Barrington.|
The breeding of these birds is carried on by various persons by way of emolument, both on the Continent, as well as in England ; and as a small article of commerce formerly; for Mr. B. mentions, that four Tyrolese generally brought over to England 1600 every year,
* When a male Canary Bird is matched to a hen Goldfinch, or Siskin, it is not without certain precautions, and great attention, that a brood will follow ; onthe contrary, when the male of either of the two last mentioned birds is made use of, the success is almost cer- tain. We have seen a most beautiful specimen, the produce of the male Canary Bird and Goldfinch; and a male Siskin has been known to couple with a Canary.
+ A female Canary Bird, of the grey kind, which escaped from a cage, has been known to pair with a House Sparrow, and to bring a brood in a bird pot, placed against a house. Hist. des Ois. p. 11. note (p). A few Canary Birds, that have escaped from an aviary, seem to have bred, as such are frequently seen in the hedges at Paddington, in Bedfordshire.— Bibl. Typog. Brit. 8. p. 13. art. 35. The circumstance also has occurred of the i a breeding with the Citril Finch, or Vengoline.—Barrington.
+ Phalaris Canariensis.—Lin.
§ No where in England grown in greater quantities than the neighbourhood of Margate, in’ Kent.
| See Phil. Trans. xiii. Br. Zool. ii. 666. Id. App. No. 5.—For the history of this bird see Beckman’s History of Inventions, 1. 52.57. Also Encyclop. Britann.
FINCH. 89
and though they carried them on their backs 1000 miles, as well as paid £20 duty for such a number, yet, upon the whole, it answered to sell these birds at five shillings a piece: the chief breeding place is Inspruck, and its environs, from whence they are sent to Constan- tinople, and other parts of Europe.
How often they breed in a state of nature is not said, but that they do several times a year in confinement is manifest, from an account received from Bath many years since, that two Canary Birds paired in the month of February, 1783, from which time, to the first week in December, the hen had laid thirty-six eggs in eight nests; two of them were broken by accident; seven times she bred them up so as to be caged off, and had, at the time of writing, two eges in her ninth nest, whilst the cock fed three young ones in the
same cage.*
A.—Serins de Mozambique, Pl. enl. 364, 1.2. Gen. Syn. iii. 296. A.
This is about four inches and a half in length. Bill and legs pale; upper parts brown; the feathers of the wings and tail with pale edges; under parts and rump yellow ; between the bill and eye, and over the latter yellow; under the eye a yellow streak. Male and female much alike.
These were brought from Mozambique, on the east coast of »
Africa.
51.—SERIN FINCH.
Fringilla Serinus, Ind. Orn. i. 454. Lin. i. 320. Gm. Lin. i. 908. Kramer, 368. 7. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 473. Tem. Man. d’Orn.214. Id. Ed. ii. 357.
* Similar to this is a fact, recorded in an Evening Paper :—‘ Mr. J. Watson, Distiller, George-street, Sunderland, has a young Canary Bird of last year, building her fifth nest. In the first nest were four egos, which pioduced four birds; second, eight eggs, eight birds; third, seven eggs, seven-birds; and the fourth, six eggs, seven birds, one of the eggs producing twins.”—Zondon Chronicle, August 23, 1816.
VOL. VI. N
90 FINCH.
Serinus, Bris. iii. 179. Id. 8vo.i. 356. Rati, 92. 8. Wall, 194. t.46. Id. Engl. 265. Borowsk, iii. 140. Faun. Helvet.
Loxia Serinus, Scop.i. No. 205.
Spinus, Roman. Orn. i. 116. t.18. 1.
Serin, Pl. enl. 658. 1. Hist. Prov.i. 512. Citrini.
Serin Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 296.
LENGTH near four inches and a half. The upper mandible grey brown, the under whitish; plumage on the upper parts of the body brown, mixed with yellowish green; beneath greenish yellow, marked on the sides with longitudinal spots of brown; on the wings a greenish band; the quills and tail brown, margined with greenish grey, the last somewhat forked in shape; legs brown.
Inhabits Italy, Austria, and Stiria, as also the South provinces of France. Scopoli observes, that it is gregarious in spring, fre- quenting orchards, is fond of cabbage, and hemp seeds; it often takes sudden flights upwards, and after fluttering in the air for a little while, and warbling, alights with expanded wings, nearly on the same spot from whence it arose. Passes Gibraltar in spring and autumn, at which seasons both sexes are taken in great plenty; known by the name of Chamaris; is ésteemed for its song, which is much improved, by being educated among Canary Birds, The females often have a mixture of white on the bright yellow on the rump.
A.—Serini, Faun. arag. p. 87. 3.
In this, the forehead of the male, and the breast are greenish brown; the back and wing coverts brown and yellow mixed; rump yellow; belly whitish ; quills and tail brown.
Found about Epila, and other parts of Aragonia, in Spain; and called Gafarron. *
52.—CITRIL FINCH.
Fringilla citrinella, Ind. Orn.i. 454. Lin.i. 320. Gm. Lin. i. 908. Razi, 99.7. Will. 193. t.46. Borowsk, iii. 1389. Faun. Helvet. Gerin.iv. t.361. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 472. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 224. Id. Ed. ii. 371.
FINCH. 91
Serinus Italicus, Bris. iii. 182. Jd. 8vo.i. 357.
Emberiza brumalis, Ind. Orn. i. 412. Gm. Lin.i. p. 873. Scop.i. No. 213. Shaw's Zool. ix. 387.
Verzellino, Olin. Uc. t. p.15. Zinnan. Uov. 62. t. 9. f. 53.
Le Venturon de Provence, Pi. enl. 658. 2. Hist. Prov.i. 512.
Brumal Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 199.
Citril Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 297. Will. Engl. 265. pl. 46. Russ. Alep. 65.
THIS is rather bigger than the last. Bill brown; plumage above yellowish green, spotted with brown; beneath, and rump greenish yellow; the breast of the male much inclined to yellow; lesser wing coverts greenish, the greater dusky, edged with green; quills and tail much the same, the last a little forked ; legs flesh-colour.
This is common in the South provinces of France, and about Rome; is found also in Greece, Turkey, and other neighbouring parts: both this and the last are remarkable for their song, being equal to that of the Canary Bird, to which they seem to have great affinity. In Tyrol called Citrinello.
53.—SAFFRON-FRONTED FINCH.
Fringilla flaveola, Ind, Orn.i. 455. Lin. i. 321. Gm. Lin.i. 913. Spalowsk. Vog. i. t. 35. ae Saffron-fronted Finch, Gen. Syn. ii. 296.
SIZE of the Canary Bird. General colour yellow; bill pale: with a brown tip; forehead saffron-colour; back inclining to green; quills and tail feathers edged with yellow, the last forked; legs pale.
Native place uncertain. A specimen was in the Museum of M. de Geer, and another in the Leverian Museum, probably a mongrel bird; as one in my collection, answering to the above description, was given to me, as the produce of a Canary Bird and a Goldfinch. In the collection of Gen. Davies was one, the same, only with the addi-
tion of a pale ash-coloured ring round the neck. N 2
92 FINCH.
54.— YELLOW FINCH.
Fringilla butyracea, Ind. Orn. i. 455. Lin. i. 321. Gm. Lin. i. 913.
Chloris Indica, Bris. iii. 195. Id. 8vo.i. 360. -Gerin. iii. t. 333. - Kolb. Cap. ii. 251 ? Shaw’s Zool. ix. 477.
Indian Greenfinch, Edw. pl. 84.
Yellow Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 299. Forst. Obs. p. 26.
SIZE of the Canary Bird; length four inches and a half. Bill blackish brown, paler beneath; irides hazel; plumage above olive green; rump and under parts yellow; over the eye a yellow streak, a smaller one or two beneath the eye, and one of green passing through it; quills olive green, edged with white; tail forked, yellow green; legs brown.
TInhabits the East Indies, and said to sing exceedingly well; also the Cape of Good Hope, if the same with that which Kolben describes; he says, it is the size of a Nightingale; bill broad; back and belly grass green; most of the tail feathers green, and the wing feathers mostly black. Mr. Forster found this bird at Madeira.
A.—Length four inches and a half. Plumage in general on the head, and upper parts, the colour of a Spanish olive; behind the eye a yellow streak; throat pale orange; breast and upper part of the belly greenish yellow; the lower belly and vent yellowish ; the lower part of the back orange, changing to yellow on the rump; legs dusky, claws black.
I met with this in the Collection of General Davies, who supposed it to have come from India, but was not certain ; it seems somewhat allied to the Yellow Finch.
FINCH. 93
55.—ULTRAMARINE FINCH.
Fringilla ultramarina, ‘Ind. Orn.i. 457. Gm. Lin:i. 927. Shaw's Zool. ix. 506. L’Outremer, Buf. iv. 56. Ultramarine Finch, Gen. Syn. ii. 301.
SIZE of a Canary Bird, but has a rounder head. Bill white ; plumage wholly fine deep blue; legs red: young birds and females are grey: the male gets the blue plumage in the spring of the second year, but the female ever remains of the simple grey colour.
Inhabits Abyssmia; said to have a fine song.
56.—BLACK-COLLARED FINCH.
Fringilla Abyssinica, Ind. Orn.i. 457. Gm. Lin. i. 927. Shaw’s Zool.ix. 486. Le Worabée, Buf. iv. p. 54. Black-collared Finch, Gen. Syn. iui. 300.
SIZE and shape of a Canary Finch. The bill as in that bird, and black ; sides of the head, beneath the eyes, throat, fore part of the neck, the breast, and upper part of the belly black; the upper part of the head, the rest of the body, and lower part of the belly, yellow; at the back of the neck a collar of black, meeting the black at the fore part; wing coverts and quills black, with pale edges; tail black, edged with greenish yellow; Jegs pale brown.
Inhabits Abyssinia, where it is met with in flocks, and known by the name of Worabée; it feeds on the seeds of a plant called Nuk, _ which has a yellow flower, and the seeds produce an oil, much in use among the Monks.
94. FINCH.
57.—TRIPOLINE FINCH.
Fringilla Syriaca, Ind. Orn.i. 457. Gm. Lin. i. 927. Shaw's Zool. ix. 535. L’Habesch de Syrie, Buf. iv. 57. Tripoline Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 301.
THIS is a little Jarger than a Linnet. Bill thick, short, and of a lead-colour ; top of the head fine bright red; cheeks, throat, and fore parts of the neck, blackish, mixed with brown; the rest of the neck, breast, upper parts of the body, and lesser wing coverts, brown, dusky and yellow mixed ; the greater deep ash-colour, with paler edges; quills and tail the same, but the edges are bright orange, the last a little forked; belly and vent dirty white, marked with obscure yellowish and dusky spots; legs lead-colour.
This is found about Tripoli, in Syria: is a bird of passage, and sings finely. The three last from the drawings of Mr. Bruce.
58.—COMMON LINNET.
Fringilla Linota, Ind. Orn.i. 457. Gm. Lin. i. 916.
Linaria, Bris. ii. 181. Jd. 8vo.i. 343. Frisch, t.9. Faun. Helvet. Rati, 90. A. I. Will, 190.
Fringilla Linota, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. 365.
Fanello, Olin. Uc. t. p. 45. Zinnan. Uov. 61. t. 9. f. 51. Cet. Uc. Sard, 208.
La Linotte, Buf. iv. 58. pl.1. Pl. enl. 151. f. 1. Hist. Prov.i. 511.
Grauer Hanfling, Naturf. xvii. 95.
Common Linnet, Gen. Syn. i. 302. Br. Zool. i. No. 130. Jd. 1812.1. p. 462. Id. fol. 151. f.1. Bradl. Nat. pl. 10. f.1. Albin, Birds, pl. p. 31. Collins, Birds, pl. 5. f.8,4. Bewick, Birds, i. 171. Bolton, Birds, 1. pl. 27. Lewin, Birds, ii. t.83. Wale. Birds, ii. pl. 221. Pult. Cat. Dorset. p.12. Orn. Dict.
LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill grey, with a brown tip, inclining to blue in the spring; irides hazel; plumage on the upper
FINCH. 95
parts dark reddish brown; the feathers pale on the margins ; those of the head very dark, with cinereous edges; sides of the neck cine- reous; on the throat a line of brown, bounded on each side with white; beneath the body dirty reddish white ; breast deeper than the rest, and in spring becomes of a beautiful crimson ; on the wings a longitudinal white mark ; quills dusky ; tail a little forked, brown, the feathers edged with white, but the two middle ones have reddish margins; legs brown. The female wants the red on the breast. This bird is sufficiently common in England, and breeds on low shrubs, black and white thorn, and furze ; the nest composed of dried herbs, grass, and moss, lined with wool and hair; the eggs four or five, white, spotted with reddish brown at the larger end; the first brood is hatched in May, and sometimes the bird builds again in August, in case the first nest is destroyed ; often found in flocks, during the winter, and feeds on many kinds of seeds, and most so on that of flax, called linseed, when in the neighbourhood of its growth ; hence the name: is found throughout France, Italy, Germany, the south of
Russia, and many parts of Europe, and probably at the Cape of Good Hope.
59.—RED-HEADED LINNET.
Fringilla cannabina, Ind. Orn. i. 458. Lin. i. 322. Faun. Suec. No. 240. Gm. Lin. i. 916. Scop.i. No. 219. Brun. 263. Muller, No. 261. Kramer, 368. 8. Frisch, t. 9.1.2. Georgi, p.174. Faun. Arag. 87. Sepp, Vog. t. p. 157. Borowsk. iii. 142. Bartr. Trav. p. 289. Shaw’s Zool.ix. 516. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 216. Id. Ed. ii. p. 367.
Linaria rubra major, Bris. iii. 135. Id. 8vo. i. 343. Klein, 93.1. Id. Stem. 18. t. 18. f.8.a.b. Id. ov. p. 29. t. 9. f.13. Rati, 91. A. 2. Will. 191. t. 46. Helvet. Gerin. iii. t. 357. 1.
La grande Linotte de Vignes, Buf.iv. 58. Pl. enl. 485. f. 1.
Haenfling, Gunth. Nest. u. Eyer. t.58. Naturf. xxii. 96.
Greater Red-headed Linnet, or Redpole, Gen. Syn. iii. 304. Id. Sup. 167. Id. Sup: i. 209. Br. Zool. i. No. 131. pl. 54. Id. 1812. i, p.464. pl. 61. Id. fol. f. 110. Arct. Zool. ii. No.261. Collins, Birds, pl.3. f.2. & pl. 4. f.4. Will. Engl. p. 260.
Faun.
96 FINCH.
pl. 46. Alb. iii. pl. 72, 73. Id. Song Birds, pl. p. 60. Bolton, Birds, i. pl. 29, 30. Bewick, Birds, i. p.173. Lewin, Birds, ii. pl. 8d. Walcot, i. pl. 222. Pult. Cat. Dors. p.12. Orn. Dict.
THE colours of the plumage in this bird coincide so much with the last, as to make a recapitulation unnecessary; the. difference, according to the generality of authors, consists in the addition of a crimson spot on the forehead, and the breast tinged with a fine rose- colour; and although it, with many, passes for a different species, yet later observations assure us, that it is not distinct from the Grey Linnet: in this sentiment I have been encouraged by my late friend; and most excellent naturalist, Mr. Boys, of Sandwich; added. to the observations of Colonel Montagu, both of whom have long had. their suspicions in respect to this fact, as well as myself, and may be thus accounted for :—The Common Linnet not being complete, in respect to the red of the forehead, till the end of the second year at soonest, is, notwithstanding, capable of breeding in the first spring after being hatched. I have observed in the male of the Common Linnet, the head feathers to appear, externally, like the rest of the upper parts; but on lifting them up a tinge of red was very manifest. One of these birds, brought to me in January, was seemingly in its change, for the feathers of the forehead were apparently grey, but on raising them up with a pin, they were fine crimson in the middle: as to the red on the breast, it is well known, that it is only to be seen at certain seasons, and if this bird be kept in a cage, it entirely loses it, so as never to return during confinement.
60.—STRASBURG FINCH.
Fringilla Argentoratensis, Ind. Orn.i. 460. Gm. Lin.i. 918. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 538. Linaria Argentoratensis, Bris. iii. 146. Id. Svo. i. 346.
Gyntel de Strasburg, Bufiiv. 73. Tem. Man. Ed. ii. p.366..
Strasburg Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 308.
SIZE of the Common Linnet. Head and upper parts of the body in general, wings, and tail brown; beneath, as far as the upper part
~
FINCH. 97
of the belly, and sides rufous, spotted with brown; belly and vent whitish ; legs reddish. ©
Inhabits the environs of Strasburg, where it is called Gyntel ; said to lay as many as four eggs: how far this may be related to the Common Linnet I am not able to determine, probably differing in age or sex. M.'Temminck supposes it to be a mere Variety.
61.—LESSER RED-HEADED LINNET.
Fringilla Linaria, Ind. Orn. i. 458. Lin. i. 322. Faun. Suec. No. 241. Gin. Lin. i. 917. Brun. p. 265. Muller, No. 262. Kramer, p. 369. Frisch, t. 10. Georgi, p- 174. Faun. Groenl. 121. Faun. Arag. 87. Borowsk. iii. 143. Roman. Orn. 137. t.21. Faun. Helvet. Amer. Orn. iv. pl. 30. f.4. Id. ix. 126. Shaw's Zool. ix. 519. pl. 70.
Linaria rubra minor, Bris. iii. 138. Id. 8vo.i. 8344. Rati, 91. A. 3. Will. 191. t. 46. Klein, 93. Id. Stem. 18. t. 18. f.10. a. b. Jd. ov. 29. t.9. f. 14. Gerin. ii. t. 356. 2. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 227.
Schwarzbartchen, Naturf. xvi. 96.
Le Sizerin, petite Linotte des Vignes, Buf. iv. 216. Pl. enl. 151. f. 2.
Lesser Red-headed Linnet, Gen. Syn. iii. 305. Id. Sup. 167. Br. Zool.i. 216. Id. 1812. i. p. 466. pl. 61. Id. fol. 111. Barringt. Mise. p. 217. Ellis, Voy. ii. p. 15. Phil. Trans. |x. p. 405. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 262. Will. Engl. 260. pl. 46. Albin, iii. pl. 75. Bolton, Birds, i. pl. 31,32. Bewick, i. pl. p.174. Lewin, Birds, ii. pl. 85. Graves, Br. Orn. Orn. Dict.
HALF the bulk of the last; length five inches. Bill dusky; irides hazel; on the forehead is a rich spot of purplish red ; the breast of the same colour, but less bright; back dusky, the feathers edged with reddish brown; sides yellowish, or ash-colour, marked with narrow dusky lines; quills and tail feathers dusky, fringed with dusky white; on the wing coverts two whitish bars; legs dusky.
The female is less lively in colour; has no red on the breast, and the spot on the forehead is of a saftron-colour.
Young birds have not the red feathers, and the males subject to great variety, as in the greater species, and sometimes without any
red on the breast ; but as the bird rarely, if ever, breeds in the VOL. VI. O
98 FINCH.
southern parts of England, the complete history will, perhaps for some time to come, be unknown. The bird, however, is not uncom- mon in the winter months, in the warmer counties of England, and about London known by the name of the Stone Redpoll; seen often in Jarge flocks. It breeds in Wales, also in Yorkshire, and no doubt other places towards the north. Mr. Pennant found the nest on an alder stump, near a brook, about two or three feet from the ground ; it was composed of dried stalks, and other plants, intermixed with wool, and lined with hair and feathers ; the eggs four, of a pale bluish green, thickly sprinkled near the blunt end, with small red- dish spots. The bird so tenacious of her nest, as to suffer herself to be taken off by the hand, and when released would not forsake it. We received one of the nests from the late Mr. Bolton, of Yorkshire ; this was made of bents, with moss, and the down of the willow, and warmly lined with the latter. Authors mention, that this bird is fond of the seeds of alder: this we can vouch for, having seen them many times mixed with the Siskins, in great numbers, picking the seeds of that tree in winter, and frequently with their backs downwards; and knew a person so adroit, as to take many in a day, by means of a long twig smeared with birdlime, fastened to a pole; being so intent on what they were about, as not to heed what passed beneath them.
This species is plentiful throughout Europe, from the extreme part of Russia to Italy ; and probably, as it is at all times seen at Gibraltar, may possibly proceed occasionally to the African shore > especially as large flights are seen at the former in spring and autumn, independent of those which reside constantly ; is very common in Greenland, and has been seen at Aoonalashka. In America is a well-known species, and most likely common to the whole northern part of the globe. We have seen drawings, of what appeared to be a Linnet, from both India and China, and of different sizes, but do not recollect any markings of red either on the forehead or breast.
FINCH. 99
A.—Linaria minima, Bris. 11. 142. Jd. 8vo.i. 345. Faun. Helvet. pectore Subluteo, Klein, Av. p. 93.
Le Cabaret, Buf. iv. 76. Pl. enl. 485. f. 2.
Fanello dell’ Aquila, Olin. Uc. t. p. 8.
Twite, Gen. Syn. ii. 307. Var. A.
Length four inches and a half. Bill yellowish, with a brown tip; top of the head and rump red; over the eyes a rufous band ; upper parts in general blackish, the feathers edged with rufous; beneath rufous, spotted with blackish on the throat; belly white ; legs brown, or black ; claws long, especially the hind one; between the bill and eye a black brown spot, and on the chin another.
The female differs from the male, in wanting the red on the rump, otherwise resembles the male; so far from Brisson, who gives the Twite of Albin as synonimous, which probably rather belongs to the one so called below, and this bird only a Variety of the Lesser Red-headed Linnet.
62.—ARCTIC FINCH.
Fringilla flavirostris, Ind. Orn. i. 438. Lin.i. 322. Faun. Suec. No. 239. Muller, No. 260. Pall. [t.ii. 710. Gm. Lin.i. 915. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 523. Tem. Man. 228. Id. Ed. ii. 375.
Arctic Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 260. Arct. Zool. ii. 379. A.
IN this the bill is like yellow wax, with a brown tip; plumage in general obscure sooty brown, paler beneath; the feathers of the breast varied with garnet-colour at the tips; quills and tail dusky, edged with grey, the last somewhat forked; legs black: the female inclines more to brown.
Inhabits Norway, and the north-east part of Siberia, very common in the winter; migrates southward, frequenting inhabited places, and is seen about barns, being a tame species; common about the Jenisei
in the severest part of winter, returning north earlier than the Snow 02
100 FINCH.
Bunting; not seen in Russia, M, Temminck considers this to be no other than the Lesser red-headed Linnet, before its second moult; and the late Colonel Montagu described a similar bird to me, in which some obscure spots, or rather sparks, of crimson were begin- ning to appear on the breast: I should therefore think that both
these Gentlemen were right in their opinion in respect to the identity of the bird.
63.—TWITE LINNET.
Fringilla Montium, Ind. Orn. i. 459. Gm. Lin. i. 917. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 521.
Linaria montana, Bris. iii. 145. Jd. 8vo.i. 346. Klein, 93. Id. Stem. 18. t. 18. f. 9. a.b. Rati, 91. A. 4. Will. 191. Frisch, t. 10. Buf.iv. 74. Gerin. iii. t. 356. Tem..Man. Ed. ii. 369.
Mountain Linnet, Twite, Gen. Syn. ii. 307. Br. Zool. No, 133. t.53. Id. fol. 111. Will. Engl. 261. Arct. Zool. ii. 380. C. Collins, Birds, pl. 2. £.5,6. Bolt. Birds, pl. 33, 34. Albin, iii. pl. 74. Id. Song Birds, pl. p.37. Lewin, Birds, ii. pl. 86. Pult. Cat. Dors. p.13. Orn. Dict.
LENGTH six inches, or rather more. Bill pale; irides hazel ; the feathers on the upper parts rather dusky, on the head edged with ash-colour, the others with brownish red ; rump crimson; under parts rufous white, with dusky spots on the throat and breast ; belly white ; wings and tail dusky ; legs We brown. The female wants the red mark on the rump.
This, like the Common Linnet, varies in plumage; some have only the rump red, in others both the crown and rump are of that colour; and we have seen some birds, in which the forehead, rump, and breast were all of them red.
Twites are well distinguished by the bird-catchers in the neigh- bourhood of London, where they are seen in autumn in large flights, with other Linnets. They breed in the more northern parts of England, no doubt in Yorkshire, as the late Mr. Bolton, who resided near Halifax, sent me a nest of one, which was composed of dry bents and moss, lined with finer heath and fibrous roots, without wool. The
FINCH. 101
eggs are five or six in number, the size of those of a Linnet, bluish white, faintly spotted with purplish red at the larger end, and some scratches. The nest was built in a shrubbery, on a low branch of a berry-bearing alder;* this is esteemed by M. Temminck as a distinct species.
64.—ANGOLA FINCH.
Fringilla Angolensis, Ind. Orn. i. 460. Gm. Lin.i. 918. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 539. Serinus Angolensis, Gerin. iv. t. 361. f. 2.
Linaria Angolensis, Bris. Sup. 81. Id. 8vo. 1. 368.
Loxia cyanogastra, Bengali Cordon bleu, Daud. Orn. ii. p. 436.
Vengoline, Buf. iv. 80. Ph. Trans. \xiii. 254. Br. Zool. 1. App. p. 666. Linnets from Angola, Edw. pl. 129.—male & female.
Angola Finch, Gen. Syn. in. 309.
SIZE of our Linnet. Bill brown, round the base black; the upper parts of the head, neck, and body, brownish ash-colour, each feather darker in the middle ; round the eyes, and on each side of the throat, white; the under parts of a plain dull orange; rump and upper tail coverts bright yellow ; the greater wing coverts and quills brown, edged with yellow ; tail the same, edged with grey; legs flesh-colour.
The female is rufous brown above, each feather darkest in the middle; sides of the head pale rufous; near the base of the bill a brown mark, which passes towards the hindhead ; from the breast to vent, pale rufous, spotted with brown; the rest partly like the male.
Inhabits Angola: the male called Negral, or Tobaque; the female Benguelinha; indeed their being of opposite sexes is not certain. Mr. Edwards only supposes so, and it is probable, that, as they are both said to sing well, they may have been males of two different species, as females in general, seldom have a fine song.
* Rhamnus frangula.— Lin.
102 FINCH.
The last bird is probably the Vengoline, mentioned by the Hon. Daines Barrington,* which he says, will sing better than any bird . which is not European, except the American Mocking-Bird.
65.—DUSKY FINCH.
Fringilla obscura, Ind. Orn. i. 460. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 541. Fringilla atra, Gm. Lin. i. 918,
La Linotte brune, Buf. iv. 84.
Dusky Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 309. Edw. pl. 270.
LENGTH four inches. Bill ash-colour ; plumage in general dusky brown, or blackish, inclining to ash-colour on the breast and rump; and all the feathers tipped with a lighter colour ; legs dusky.
Inhabits Angola, or Brazil. Mr. Edwards is uncertain of this, as he took his description from a caged bird, and it was not known from which of the places it originally came.
66.—GOTAH FINCH.
LENGTH five inches, or a trifle more. Bill black, curving a little downwards ; top of the head, neck, and back, rufous brown ; wings dull rufous ; tail deep brown, greatly cuneiform, the two middle feathers two inches and a quarter long, the outmost one inch and a quarter; the four middle ones of nearly equal lengths, the rest shorter by degrees ; between the bill and eye, and all beneath, pure white ; legs yellow : the wings reach to the base of the tail.
Inhabits India, and called Gotah.—From the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther; with this is a second, probably differing in sex, said to be about six inches long; bill and legs as in the other; plumage much the same, and a white streak from the bill passes just over the eye, finishing behind in a point: the tail is long, but as it is closed
* See his Experiments and Observations on Singing Birds.—Ph. Trans. Vol. lxiii. 1773.
FINCH. 103
in the drawing, we may conclude it to be cuneiform, though it does not appear so.—Inhabits India with the other, and called Gulab Chesm, or Red Eye.
67.—CHINESE LONG-TAILED FINCH.
SIZE of a Sparrow; length, to the rump, four inches. Bill and irides red ; plumage in general white; tail very long, cuneiform, the two middle feathers, measuring at least three inches, are narrow, and end in a point; on each side four or five others, shortening by degrees, and pointed, all of them bending downwards; through the eye a slender black streak : crown and nape yellow; legs feathered almost to the toes, which are red.
A fine specimen of this is among some Chinese paintings, in the possession of Mr. Forster, Fitzroy Square, and is probably the same with that mentioned before in the Synopsis,* of which I have a a drawing, taken from one in the possession of the late Captain Broadly ; this answers to the last described, as to general appearance, being wholly white, but the feathers of the crown are also white, rather elongated, and end in a point at the nape; and the black streak through the eye is wanting.
Both of the above said to be natives of China.
68.—BLUE-BELLIED FINCH.
Fringilla Benghalus, Ind. Orn. i. 461. Lin. i. 323.—male. Gm. Lin. i. 120. Spalowsk. i, t. 34. Daud.ii. 435.
Fringilla Angolensis, Lin. i. 323. 31.—female.
Bengalus, Bris. ii. 203. t.10. f. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 363. Gerin. iv. t. 366. Nat. Misc. t. 150.
Le Bengali, Buf.iv. 92. Pl. enl. 115, 1.
Blue-bellied Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 310. 81. Edw. pl. 131.—female.
LENGTH four inches and three quarters. Bill dirty flesh- colour; irides hazel ; head and upper parts of the body grey; lower
* See Vol. iv. p.563. par, 2d. in the note *.
104 FINCH.
part of the back, the rump, and all beneath, blue; on each side of the head a curved purplish red spot, placed beneath the eyes, and rather behind them ; quills brown, edged with grey; tail pale blue, a little cuneiform ; legs whitish.
The female differs, chiefly in wanting the red spot beneath the eyes. Some specimens have the under parts the same as the back, only paler; in others, there is a tinge of red on the belly. Edwards’s bird was ash-colour, inclining to brown above, and pale blue on the under parts, and tail, but without the red mark beneath the eyes. What he supposed a female was cinereous brown, with only a slight tinge of blue on the under parts, and probably was a young bird.
Inhabits Africa.x—One in Mr. Salt’s collection, said to be com- mon every where in Abyssinia, close to the houses; in manners like the Wren. )
69.—AMADUVADE FINCH.
Fringilla Amandava, Ind. Orn. i. 461. Lin.i. 319. Gm. Lin.i. 905. Raitt, 92. Will. 194 t. 46. Petiv. Gaz. 53. f. 1. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 542.
Loxia Amandava, Daud. ii. 487.
Bengalus punctulatus, Bris.ii. 206. t. 10. f. 4. Id. 8vo.i. 364.
Fringilla rubra minima, Klein, 98. 15.
Le Bengali picqueté, Buf. iv. 96. t.2. f. 1. Pl. enl. 115, 3.
Amaduvade Finch, Gen. Syn. iu. 311. Id. Sup. 168. Will. Engl. 266. pl. 46. Albin, ni. pl. 77. Edw. pl. 355. 1.
SIZE of a Wren; length four inches. Bill dull red; plumage on the upper parts brown, with a mixture of red ; beneath the same, but paler; middle of the belly darkest; all the feathers of the wing coverts, breast, and sides marked with a spot of white at the tip; quills grey brown; tail black : legs pale yellowish white.
The female differs, in having a mixture of white on the throat and neck; belly pale yellow; otherwise like the male.
Inhabits Bengal, Java, Malacca, and other parts of Asia.
FINCH. 105
A.—Bengalus fuscus, Bris. iii. 205. Id. 8vo.i. 363. Buf.iv. 95. Pl. enl. 115. 2. Gen. Syn. iii. 312. A. “
Length under four inches. General colour of the plumage brown, deepest on the belly; in some birds mixed with a little white on the breast, and a small portion of reddish in others; on many of the wing coverts a spot of white at the tip; tail dusky black ; legs pale yellow.
One, thought to be the female, was wholly brown, and the wing coverts not spotted with white.
In some drawings from India, I observed two of these birds, the one marked as usual, the other olive, probably meant for the two sexes: and I learned from the late Mr. Tunstall, that having kept them often, he observed that they became more spotted in proportion to their age, and particularly one, which, when first in his possession, had only here and there a white spot, became afterwards as it were powdered with them.
70.—SENEGAL FINCH.
Fringilla Senegala, Ind. Orn. i. 461. Lin. i. 320. Gm. Lin.i. 364. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 543. Loxia Senegala, Daud. ii. 438.
Senegalus ruber, Bris. iii. 208. t. 10. f.2. Id. 8vo.i. 364.
Senegali rouge, Buf.iv. 99. Pl. enl. 157. 1.
Senegal Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 312.
LENGTH four inches and three quarters. Bill reddish, edged all round with brown, and beneath the under mandible a line of brown, quite to the tip; the same on the ridge of the upper mandible: the greater part of the plumage is vinaceous red, but the hind part of the head and neck, the back, scapulars, and wing coverts, are brown; the lower part of the belly, thighs, and under tail coverts, greenish brown ; tail black; legs pale grey.
Inhabits Senegal.
VOL. VI. P
106 FINCH.
A.—Le Danbik, Buf. iv. 100.
Length four inches and a half. Bill red, ridge at top, and point black; face, and sides round the eyes, crimson, continuing on the breast, but paler; the same on the sides under the wings; but is there marked with minute white spots, four near the end of each feather; body above olive-brown; lower belly and vent pale brown; tail rounded, the upper coverts and outer webs deeply fringed with crimson, approaching to the colour of dragon’s blood.
The female smaller; no red about the head or breast; but the same white spots on the sides.
Inhabits Abyssinia, brought from thence by Mr. Salt.
B.—Buffon mentions one of these being killed at Cayenne, but it most probably had been a caged bird, which had escaped ; this differed a little from the first described, as the wings were lightly edged with red, and the bill entirely so; the breast and sides spotted with white ; the legs reddish.
It is observed, that these birds do not change the feathers more than once in a year in this climate; however this may be, I have now in my collection, a bird which died without a single spot upon it, which once was full of them, and had been brought over with other Spotted Amaduvades as one of those birds: hence we may suppose, that the Senegal and Amaduvade Finches are very nearly allied, if not the same, in different states of plumage.
The above named Finches are both natives of Senegal, and feed on millet: this affords the natives an easy method of catching them, by means of a hollow gourd, supported with the bottom uppermost, ona stick, with a string leading to some covered place, and some millet being strewed beneath, these birds hastening in numbers to pick it up, are caught under the trap, by the stick
FINCH. 107
being pulled away. The females said to sing as well as the males. These are familiar, and when once used to the climate, will frequently live five or six years inacage. They have been bred in Holland, by the fanciers of birds.
71.—WHITE-EARED FINCH. Fringilla leucotis, Ind. Orn. i. 462. Gm. Lin. i. 905. Loxia leucotis, Daud. ii. 440. White-eared Finch, Gen. Syn. ili. 314. Osb. Voy. ii. 329, 330.
OSBECK mentions five small birds, which he describes as Finches; the first had the head, back, and wing coverts, purple; the under side of the body yellow; prime quills and tail fine blue; secondaries green; on the ears a white spot.
The second like the former, but the back and tail purple.
The third with a green head, and a purple breast and tail.
Fourth, the breast of a light green; the head and lesser wing coverts brown.
The fifth had the head, back, wing coverts, and tail, of a fine deep brown; under side of the body, and under wing coverts, fine crimson.
Each of these birds had a white spot on the ears; hence it is probable they may be Varieties of each other; at least, we shall follow Osbeck’s supposition of their being so, till justified, by fuller authority, for the alteration.
The description was taken from some Chinese drawings.
72.—CAPE FINCH.
Fringilla Alario, Ind. Orn.i. 462. Lin.i. 319. Gm. Lin. i. 905.
Passerculus Cap. B. Spei, Bris. ii. 106. t. 5.2. Id. 8vo.i. 336. Klein, 90. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 543.
Sparrow from the Cape of Good Hope, Alb, iii. pl. 67. Cape Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 315. ) LARGER than a House Sparrow; length four inches and three
quarters. Bill pale ash-colour; head and neck black; the black P2
108 FINCH.
ending in a point on the breast ; but the breast itself, and the rest of the under parts, white; thighs rufous; upper parts of the body chestnut; quills blackish; inner part of the lesser ones, and under the wings, chestnut; tail the same, the four outer feathers marked with a longitudinal blackish spot at the tip; shape of the tail forked ; legs brown.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.
73.—CUBA FINCH.
Fringilla Maia, Ind. Orn. i. 462. Lin. 323. Gm. Lin. i. 924. Bris. iii. 214. t. 7. £. 3. female. Jd. 8vo. i. 366. Ratz, 155. Will. 297. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 511.
Loxia Cubeensis, Daud. ii. 442. Maia de la Cuba, Buf. iv. 105. pl. 3. Pi. enl. 199. 2.—female. Will. Engl. 386. Cuba Finch, Gen. Syn. iti. 315.
LENGTH three inches and three quarters. Bill grey; head, neck, and under parts of the body, blackish ; back and upper parts purplish chestnut, brightest on the rump ; across the breast a purplish chestnut band ; tail the same; quills grey brown, edged with chest- nut ; legs Jead-colour.
The female has the bill whitish; head, neck, and upper parts, fulvous ; throat purplish chestnut ; on each side of the breast a spot of the same colour; the rest of the under parts dirty yellowish white; quills and tail fulvous; legs and claws grey.
Inhabits the Island of Cuba, where the natives give it the name of Maia. Found also in the East Indies; is gregarious, flies in innumerable flocks, and very hurtful to the rice fields; and in all probability, may be found wherever that grain is cultivated : the flesh is accounted good, and wholesome.
FINCH. 109
74.—CEYLON FINCH.
Fringilla Zeylonica, Ind. Orn. i. 463. Gm. Lin. i. 906. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 479. Ceylon Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 317.
SIZE small. Bill and head black; the whole body yellow, inclining to green on the back; the under parts white and dusky; quills and tail dusky ; the outer edges yellow.
Inhabits China and Ceylon.—One of these had a reddish brown head ; upper parts of the body and wings green; breast and belly yellowish white-—- probably the female.
Met with in some Chinese drawings.
75.—BROWN-THROATED FINCH.
Fringilla fuscicollis, Ind. Orn. i. 463. Gm. Lin. i. 906. Shaw’s Zool, ix. 53. 4. Loxia fuscicollis, Daud. ii. 440. Brown-throated Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 318.
BILL red; crown of the head green; from the eyes a line of white, passmg backwards; throat pale brown, beneath a patch of ash-colour, then one of pale red; back ferruginous; rump and vent green; wings dusky; on the lower part of the quills a yellow spot; tail half yellow, half black ; legs yellow.
Inhabits China.
76.—FIRE FINCH.
Fringillaignita, Ind. Orn.i. 464. Gm. Lin.i. 906. Gerini,iv. 366. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 514.
Loxia ignita, Daud. ii. 448,
Fire Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 318. Brown, Ill. pi. 2.
SIZE of the smaller Redpole. Bill dusky, base yellowish ; general colour of the plumage glossy, brownish red; vent rather
110 FINCH.
darker ; quills dusky; tail the same, rather cuneiform; legs pale flesh-colour.—The female pale reddish brown ; forehead and between the eyes crimson; tail reddish, shaped like that of the male, with the end dusky.
Inhabits Gambia, in Africa.
77.—BLUE-HEADED FINCH.
Fringilla cyanomelas, Ind. Orn. i. 464. Gm. Lin. i. 924. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 508. -- cerulea, &c. Nov. Com. C. Petr. xi. 434. t. 16. f. 6.
Demi-fin noir et bleu, Buf. v. 327.
Blue-headed Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 319.
SIZE of the Greater Linnet. Bill brown; head and neck blue; between the eyes, across the forehead, a narrow black line; chin and throat black ; across the upper part of the back a semicircle of black; wing coverts, lower part of the back, and rump blue; breast, belly, and vent blue; quills blackish brown, edged with blue, appearing green in some lights ; tail even, brown black ; legs brown.
Inhabits India.
78.—AZURE-HEADED FINCH.
Fringilla picta, Ind. Orn. i. 464. Gm. Lin. i. 924. Loxia picta, Daud. ii. 449. Azure-headed Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 319.
LENGTH four inches. — Bill red ; crown of the head pale blue; hind part of the neck, throat, breast, and under tail coverts, purplish ; greater coverts green; lower part of the back and rump yellow; quills and tail blue; legs red.
Inhabits China.—I saw this among some drawings in possession of the late Dr. Fothergill.
FINCH. 111
79.—BLUE-CROWNED FINCH.
Fringilla cyanocephala, Ind. Orn.i. 464. Gm. Lin. i. 924. Mill. Ill. No. 24. Shaw’s
Zool. ix. 509. Loxia cyanocephala, Daud. 11. 449. Blue-crowned Finch, Gen. Syn. ii. 319.
LENGTH seven inches. Bill dusky; crown of the head blue, bounded behind with red; round the eye white; hind part of the neck and back pale reddish brown; lower part of the back and rump pale blue, beneath yellow; thighs and vent white; middle and greater wing coverts margined with white; quills and tail black ; legs pale brown.
Inhabits Senegal.—The three last seem much allied.
80.—LUNAR FINCH.
Fringilla lunata, Jnd. Orn. i. 465. Gm. Lin. i. 924. Mill. Ill. t. 30. Shaw’s Zool. ix, Ol.
Lunar Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 320.
LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill slender, dusky. black ; head, neck, and back, reddish ; the last inclining to brown; rump pale blue; across the throat a narrow black crescent, bounded below with yellow; quills black, the ends of them blue, and marked with a white spot at the tips; tail and legs black.
Inhabits the East Indies.
81.—GREEN-RUMPED FINCH.
Fringilla multicolor, Ind. Orn. ii. 465. Gm. Lin. i, 924, Shaw’s Zool. ix. 483.
Green-rumped Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 329.
BILL bluish; head, hind part of the neck, upper part of the back, and tail, black ; cheeks, chin, and the rest of the under parts,
112 FINCH.
light yellow; wings black, on the coverts a white spot; the se- condaries crossed at the ends with white ; lower part of the back and thighs green; legs grey.
Inhabits Ceylon.
82.—TESTACEOUS FINCH.
Fringilla testacea, Ind. Orn.i. 465. Gm. Lin. i. 928. Jacq. Vog. 27. t.12. Shaw's Zool. ix. 484.
Testaceous Finch, Gen. Syn. Sup. 169.
LENGTH five inches and ahalf. Bill pale red ; irides black ; head, neck, and back, ferruginous, mottled with black; breast and belly the same, but paler; wings and tail brown; legs flesh-colour.
Brought from Portugal to Vienna. Native place uncertain.
83.—OKER FINCH.
Fringilla ochracea, Ind. Orn. 1. 465. Gm. Lin. i. 928. Fringilla albo-ochracea, Jacq. Vog. p. 19. t. 15. Oker Finch, Gen. Syn. Sup. 169.
SIZE of a Chaftinch. Bill and legs yellow; general colour of the plumage white, except the head, fore part of the neck, breast, and wing coverts, which are, more or less, the colour of yellow oker.
This was said to have been caught in Austria. I suspect it to be a Variety of some of the Finch tribe, and not a distinct species.
84.—IMPERIAL FINCH.
Fringilla Imperialis, Ind. Orn. i. 466. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 482. Imperial Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 169.
SIZE of the Amaduvade Finch; length three inches and a half. Bill dusky red ; crown and all the under parts of the body yellow ;
FINCH. 113
the upper parts pale ferruginous rose-colour; quills and tail dusky ; the last short; legs pale dusky red.
Inhabits China.—Described from drawings in the possession of Sir Joseph Banks.
85.—SULTRY FINCH.
Fringilla calida, Ind. Orn. Sup. xlviii. Shaw's Zool. 544. Sultry Finch, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 210.
LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill dusky; general colour of the plumage fine pale rufous brown; the under parts are plain, but on the upper, each feather is streaked down the middle with dusky black ; especially the crown, where the streaks are very broad and distinct; tail even at the end ; legs pale yellow.
Inhabits the Mahratta Country, in India.
86.—MODEST FINCH.
LENGTH four inches and a half. Bill pale; plumage above brown ; beneath paler, streaked with dusky; middle of the belly and vent plain; tail rather forked, fringed with whitish at the end ; legs pale.—In the collection of Lord Stanley.
87.—LITTLE FINCH.
LENGTH less than four inches. Bill short, sharp, dusky ; plumage in general, and tail fine greenish brown, paler beneath; lower belly and vent approaching to white; the throat mottled with dusky spots; chin yellow; legs white; over the eye a slender, obscure yellow streak ; legs very pale, almost white.
In the collection of Lord Stanley.
VOL. VI. Q
114 FINCH.
88.—DWARF FINCH.
LENGTH three inches and a half. Bill red, upper ridge and beneath black ; plumage above pale brown; chin pale yellow; from thence, down the middle of the belly, to the vent, and under tail coverts bright deep orange, almost crimson ; sides pale ash-colour, crossed with pale buff lines; over the eye, from the nostrils, a deep crimson streak ; upper tail coverts crimson; quills and tail brown, the latter darker, and much rounded ; legs pale brown.
A second of these, probably a female, had the bill, and upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, as in the other ; beneath, from the the chin, buff-colour, and marked on the sides as in the former; the under tail coverts orange, the upper crimson; but the streak over the eye wanting.
Inhabits Senegal.—In the Collection of Lord Stanley. In another specimen, the edges of all but the two middle tail feathers were crimson: and we have also seen further trifling Varieties, no doubt owing to age or sex.
89.—BARRED FINCH.
SIZE of the last. General colour of the plumage much the same; the upper mandible black, the lower red; chin and throat black ; breast, and sides under the wings, crossed with eighteen or twenty narrow bars of white, bounded above and below with brown ; from the middle of the breast to the vent pale ferruginous chestnut.
One, supposed to differ in sex, was somewhat paler, and wanted the black on the chin and throat; but the white lines or bars beneath the body were much the same, and the colour down the middle of the belly only deep buff.
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FINCH. 115
90.—DUREE FINCH.—PL. xcvit.
SIZE of a Sparrow. Bill whitish; head and neck hoary; from the base of the bill a black stripe passes through the eye, on each side, to the nape; upper parts of the body, wings, and tail brown, the margins of the feathers paler; chin and all beneath black, passing on each side of the neck asa half collar; sides and thighs ash-colour; tail rounded, dark brown, or black, with the centre feathers inclining to cinereous ; the outer web, and point of the exterior one dirty white ; legs dirty red, feet small, toes distinct. '
The female is like the male above; round the eye, chin, throat, breast, belly, under wing and tail coverts, sides, and thighs whitish brown ; quills brownish, with pale margins; tail and feet as in the male, but paler.
Inhabits Bengal throughout the year, found among the grass; is the Duree of the Bengalese, and the Mussulmans—Dr. Buchanan. The egg is dusky white, with pale cimereous spots, somewhat like that of a Canary Bird, named Dula: found at Cawnpore, in May.
91.—TEMPORAL FINCH.
Fringilla Temporalis, Ind. Orn. Sup. xlviii. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 533. Temporal Finch, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 211.
LENGTH between four and five inches. Bill and legs reddish brown; crown of the head blue grey ; body above, wings, and tail, pale brown; beneath white; from the bill a dull crimson streak, growing broader at the back part, and forming an oval patch ; rump crimson.
Inhabits New South Wales, and called Goo-lung-ag-ga. Is very common there, and easily domesticated, being of a most lively disposition when in a cage; and even old birds will be perfectly
reconciled, after bemg caught three or four days. Q2
116 FINCH.
A.—Common Grosbeak, Lewin, New Holland Birds.
Length four inches and a half. Bill crimson, beneath black; head, neck, breast, and sides, ash-colour, deeper on the crown, and paler on the chin; from the nostrils a crimson streak passes over the eye, and beyond it; back and wings olive-green; quills dark within ; rump and upper tail coverts crimson ; tail dusky, somewhat cuneiform in shape; legs yellow.
Said to be found generally in barren tracts about Sydney, and Parametta, in large flocks in autumn; in spring chiefly in pairs ; builds in low bushes an oval nest, with dead grass, lined with sow- thistle down: the eggs are five or six in number, flesh-coloured, marked with dull red spots. The male said to have a pleasant song.
Inhabits New Holland.—In the collection of Lord Stanley.
B.—In this the general colour is olive-brown, a crimson streak over the eye, and on the rump, as in the others; all but the two middle tail feathers fringed at the ends with white.
Tn the collection of Mr. Harrison.
Individuals of the Temporal Finch seem to vary considerably from each other; some are olive-green where others are brown, otherwise the same, probably owing to difference of sex ; but those with the green plumage are larger, and the tail more even at the end.—One of these last, from New Holland, was named Deroo-gnan.
In a specimen four inches long, the crown was ash-colour, the rest of the upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, pale brown, beneath pale cinereous grey; in the middle of the belly nearly white; from the nostrils a pale crimson patch, spreading on each side beneath the eye; upper tail coverts dull crimson ; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers one inch and three quarters, the outer three quarters ; colour deep brown; the bill orange; legs brown.
_ FINCH. 117
92—NITID FINCH.
Fringilla nitida, Ind. Orn. Sup. xlviii. Shaw's Zool. ix. 536. Nitid Finch, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 211.
SIZE of the House Sparrow. Bill pale red; legs pale yellow; plumage above, including the tail, pale ash-colour; beneath white, but the sides next the wings incline to yellow; quills dull ferru- ginous yellow; over the eyes a black band, passing down a little way on the ears as a broad patch.
Inhabits New South Wales.
93.—WAVE-BREASTED FINCH.
LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill black; plumage above green; round the eye, and beneath to the breast grey, marked with smal] brownish spots; breast and belly whitish green, with darker green waves; quills dusky, with greenish edges; tail rounded; legs pale buff-colour.
Inhabits New Holland.—General Davies.
94.—SLATY FINCH.
LENGTH five inches anda half. Bill dusky, with a few slender hairs at the base; plumage above slate-colour; chin, even with the eye, and throat white; on the breast a dusky crescent; beneath this ferruginous ; vent paler; thighs pale ash ; quills and tail dusky, the feathers edged with grey ; tips of the latter black ; legs dusky black.
Inhabits New South Wales.
118 FINCH.
95.—VAN-DIEMEN’S FINCH.
LENGTH four inches and a half. Bill horn-colour, with a black tip; head pale olive-green; from the nape to the middle of the back slaty grey; the rest of the back and wings as the head ; beneath the body pale, but across the breast, as far as the slaty-colour reaches, it is cmereous white; belly between the thighs ferruginous; vent white; quills and tail olive-green, inner webs of the feathers dusky ; shape of the tail a little hollowed, or forked at the end; legs pale.
Inhabits Van Diemen’s Land.
96.--CREAM-COLOURED FINCH.
SIZE of a Linnet; length four inches and a half. Bill black; plumage in general cream-colour, streaked with white on the crown and nape; but on the chin, throat, sides of the body, and back, with dusky brown; region of the eye white; behind it a pale rufous streak, reaching almost to the hindhead ; breast and belly white ; quills and tail dusky ; legs yellow, claws black.
Inhabits New South Wales.—General Davies.
97.—AMERICAN YELLOW FINCH.
Fringilla tristis, Ind. Orn. i. 452. Lin.i. 320. Gm. Lin. i. 907.
Carduelis Americana, Bris.iii. 64. Id. 8vo. i. 324. Klein, 97. No.5. Gerin. iv. t. 368.2. Bartr. Trav.289. Nat. Misc. pl.749. & 361? Shaw's Zool. ix. 464.
Le Chardonneret jaune, Buf. iv. 212. Pl. enl. 202. 2. Descr. Surin. ii. 199.
Le Gaffaron, Voy. d’ Azara, iii. No. 134.
Green Sparrow, Bancr. Guian. p. 181 ?—female.
American Goldfinch, Gen. Syn. iii. 288. Id. Sup. 166. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 242. Edw. pl. 274. Cat. Cur. i. 43. Amer. Orn.i. pl. 1. f. 2.
SIZE of a Linnet; length four inches and a half. Bill white; irides hazel ; fore part of the head black; rest of the body yellow ;
“
FINCH. 119
thighs and tail coverts yellowish white; wing coverts black, crossed with a white band; quills black, the lesser edged and tipped with white; tail black; legs white.
The female wants the black on the head; plumage above olive- green; throat, breast, and rump, pale yellow; belly and vent white ; wings and tail as the male.
The young are at first olive-brown, the yellow breaking out among the feathers by degrees, and the ramp and under tail coverts almost white; also the middle of the belly. In the male bird the head is at first mottled with black, as it does not gain the full plumage till the following spring.
Inhabits North America, particularly about New York : found as far as 54 deg. of lat. numerous in Carolina, Mexico, Guiana, also at Buenos Ayres: is a summer bird, and feeds on thistles like our Goldfinch ; called the York Yellow Bird, also Thistle, Lettuce, and Sallad Bird: feeds on various other seeds, as hemp, and observed often to hang with the back downwards, as a Titmouse or Siskin : is easily familiarised to confinement. 'The nest and eggs not mentioned by any author.
T have been assured by the late Mr. Tunstall, who kept several of them, that both sexes constantly lost their yellow colour in winter, and became pale olive, but recovered their beautiful yellow plumage in spring.
A.—L’Olivarez, Buf. iv. 232. Gen. Syn. iii. 291. C.
Length four inches and a half. _ Bill cinereous ; plumage above pale olive, beneath yellow, head black ; quills blackish, edged with yellow more or less, and a stripe of the same on the wings; tail a trifle forked; legs cinereous.
The female has the crown grey brown; cheeks and throat pale yellow: said to be found in the woods about Buenos Ayres, as far as
the Straits of Magalhaen, and to sing better than any bird of South America.
120 " FINCH.
B.—Le Tarin de la nouvelle Yorck, Buf.iv. 231. Pl. enl. 292. f. 1, 2. Gen. Syn. iii, 291.
New York Siskin, Arct. Zool. No. 243.
In this the top of the head is black ; throat, round the neck, and breast, yellow; rump yellow, changing to white on the upper tail coverts ; back olive-brown, edges of the feathers paler; wings and tail black; the feathers mostly edged with white; belly and vent whitish ; legs pale. The female as the male, but less bright, and wants the black on the head.
Inhabits New York, and is probably in the winter dress.
C.—Length four inches and a half, breadth eight and a half. Plumage mostly brownish yellow above, and pale yellow beneath, nearly white ; forehead mottled with black, one large spot over the eye, and a dusky yellow one on the ears; wings black, the feathers edged deeply with yellowish white ; tail black, edged as the wings with yellowish white, shape forked. The female paler than the male.
This last inhabits the neighbourhood of Savannah, in Georgia. Mr. Abbot informed me, that it is met with in flights of five or six in winter, and feeds on the seeds of flax, alder, &c. and is called in the back parts of Carolina, the Flax Bird. As this species varies much at different periods of age, it is probable, that the above, recorded as Varieties, may be one and the same bird at different stages of perfection.
98.—MEXICAN FINCH.
Fringilla Pinus, Pine Finch, Amer. Orn. ii. pl. 18. f. 1. ——__--- Mexicana, Ind. Orn.i. 453. 66. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 471. —.--— Cacatatotl, Ind. Orn.i. 453. 67.
Mexican Siskin, Gen. Syn. iii. 292. 59 & 60.
LENGTH four inches, breadth eight. Bill dull horn-colour ; irides hazel ; head, neck, and back, dark flaxen, streaked with black ;
FINCH. 121
wings black, with two rows of dull white; quills, under the coverts, rich yellow; rump and tail coverts yellowish, streaked with dark brown; tail rich yellow from the base to the middle, the rest of the length, and the whole of the two middle feathers, bluish brown, slightly edged with yellow; sides under the wings cream-colour, with long streaks of black; breast light flaxen, streaked with black ; legs purplish brown. Male and female much alike.
The birds inhabiting Mexico by the names of Acatechichictli: and Cacatototl, seem to be one and the same with this. Said to sing agreeably, and to feed on the seeds of a tree called Hoauhtli.
99.—ORANGE-TAILED FINCH.
LENGTH five inches and a half; size of a Reed Bunting. Bill pale; plumage above brown, with darker streaks; over the eye from the nostrils an obscure pale streak ; on the ears a dusky patch; on each side of the throat a streak of dusky brown, within which the chin is dusky white, but just under the bill more dusky ; breast and under parts of the body dusky white, streaked with rusty brown ; middle of the belly, between the legs, orange; base of the greater quills, for more or less than half the length, orange, the rest brown; lower part of the back darker than the rest; ramp paler; both plain; tail feathers two inches long, all of the side ones orange for three- fourths from the base, the rest of the length dusky black, the two middle wholly dusky black ; legs pale.
In the collection of Lord Stanley.—Supposed to inhabit America.
100.—BLACK-FACED FINCH.
Fringilla cristata, Ind. Orn.i. 434. Gm. Lin. i. 926. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 440. Le Friquet huppé, Buf. iii. 496. L’Aroquira, Voy. d’ Azara, iii. No. 136.
VOL. VI. R
122 FINCH.
Moineau de Cayenne, Pl. enl. 181. 1. Black-faced Finch, Gen. Syn. ii. 253. Jd. Sup. 164.
LENGTH six inches and a half. _Bill red; irides_ pale rufous; plumage above, wings and tail reddish brown; beneath and rump crimson ; top of the head crested, and of the last colour; sides of the head, under the crest, black ; legs brown. The female is without the crest, and the general colours are less bright.
Inhabits Cayenne, found also in Paraguay, but not seen farther south than 30 deg. nor is it very common. Often kept in cages, and fed with hulled maize ; sometimes in winter seen in small troops. Makes the nest of dry grass, lined with hairs ; eggs white.
101.—CAROLINA FINCH.
Fringilla Carolinensis, Ind. Orn. i. 435. Gen. Syn. ix. 439.
--— cristata, Gm. Lin: i. 926.
Moineau de la Caroline, Buf. i. 496. Pl. enl. 181. f. 2.
Black-faced Finch, Arct.Zool. ii. No. 255. Gen. Syn. iil. 253. 3.—2d. parag.
IN this the top of the head, round the eyes, and chin, are black ; neck to the breast crimson ; rump the same ; upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, pale reddish brown; quills black; on the breast a bar of black ; the rest of the under parts white, mixed with a little black on the thighs; legs brown.—Inhabits Carolina.
102.—-SWAMP FINCH.
Fringilla iliaca, Ind. Orn. i. 438. Gm. Lin.i. 923. Merrem. Ic. 37. t. 10. Shaw's
Zool. ix. 488. Fringilla palustris, Swamp Sparrow, Amer. Orn. iii. pl. 22. f. 1. Swamp Finch, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 206.
LENGTH almost seven inches, breadth eleven; weight one ounce and a quarter. Bill yellow; top of the head ferruginous,
FINCH. 123
mixed with ash-colour; over the eye an ash-coloured streak, growing broader, and blending with the back of the neck, and beginning of the back, which are the same, spotted with ferruginous; on the cheeks, under the eyes, a mixed rufous patch; back ferruginous brown; rump and tail ferruginous; wings the same, inclining to brown at the ends, and inner webs of the feathers; under parts of the bird white, more or less marked with sagittal, broad, rufous spots, running confluent on the breast; but on the middle of the belly smaller dusky marks of the same shape; lower belly, thighs, and vent, white ; legs flesh-colour; the wings reach about to the base of the tail.
The female wants the ferruginous on the crown, and the white over the eye is indistinct.
Inhabits North America, from Hudson’s Bay northward, to at least as far as Georgia south ; at the former called Swamp Sparrow ; in the latter, Red Sparrow ; called also Wilderness Sparrow ; arrives there about the middle of November, and frequents the oak woods, but is not very common. Ifthe Swamp Sparrow of the American Ornithology be the same, is said to arrive in Pennsylvania in April, ‘seen in the low grounds, and river courses; and has two, or even three broods in a year; departing as the cold advances, though some few contmue: it makes the nest on the ground, in tussucks of rank grass, amidst the water, and Jays four dirty white eggs, marked with rufous spots; feeds on grass-seeds, wild oats, and insects; has no song, but merely a chirp; rarely seen on trees, but in swamps, skulking from one bush to another.
103.—SAVANNAH FINCH.
Fringilla Savannarum, Jnd. Orn. i. 443. Gm. Lin.i. 921. Amer. Orn. iv. pl. 34.— male. Jd. iii. pl. 22. f. 3.—female. Shaw's Zool. ix. 500. Passer Jamaicensis, Bris. iii, ‘94. Id. 8vo.i. 334. R 2
124 FINCH.
Passer Pratorum, Klein, 89. 11. Savannah Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 270. Raii, 188, Sloan. Jam. ii. 306. pl. 259. 5.
LENGTH five inches and a half, breadth eight and a half. Bill pale brown; eyebrows and ears Naples yellow; breast and under parts pure white, on the former small pointed brown spots; upper parts pale, whitish drab-colour, mottled with reddish brown ; wing coverts edged and tipped with white; tertials black, edged with white and bay; tail slightly forked, plein: ; legs a flesh-colour, hind claw pretty long.
The female has the back mottled black, bright bay, and whitish; chin white; breast marked with pointed spots of black, edged with bay, appearing as chains from the base of the under mandible on each side; sides touched with long streaks of the same; on the temples and ears a spot of delicate yellow; belly white, a little streaked ; the rest as in the male.
Young birds are less, and much darker in colour. In winter this species frequents the sea shores of Pennsylvania, going away in spring into the interior. The nest said to be made among the grass, and the young to fly about the end of May.
I have ranked the Savannah Finch of Jamaica and this under one head, on supposition of their being the same. Sloane tells us, that in Jamaica it sits on the ground in the plains, and runs thereon in the manner of the Skylark, and when disturbed, flies neither far, nor high, but alights again very near.
104.—GREY-HEADED FINCH.
Fringilla cana, Ind. Orn. i. 443. Gm. Lin.i. 920. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 494.
Serinus Jamaicensis, Bris.iii. 189. Jd. 8vo. i. 359.
Serino affinis Avis e cinereo luteo et fusco varia, Rati, 188. Sloan. Jam. ii. 311. Klein, 89. 12.
Grey-headed Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 270.
LENGTH eight inches, breadth twelve. Bill three quarters of an inch, upper mandible bluish brown, the under paler; head and
FINCH. 125
throat grey; upper part of the neck and body yellow brown; the
under parts yellow; vent white; wings and tail dull brown, streaked
with white lines; legs bluish; claws brown, short, and crooked. Inhabits Jamaica.
105.—BONANA FINCH.
Fringilla Jamaica, Ind. Orn. i. 443. Lin.i. 323. Gm. Lin.i. 920. Bris. iii. 166. Td. 8vo.i. 352. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 506.
Emberiza remigibus rectricibusque nigris, Amen. ac. 1. 497.
Passer czruleo-fuscus, Bonana Bird, Rati, 187. Klein, 89. 12. Sloan. Jam. 311. t. 257. 3.
Le Bonana, Buf. iv. 139.
Le Saihobi, Voy. d’Azara, iii. No. 92.
Grey Grosbeak, Brown, Jil. pl. 26.
Bonana Finch, Gen. Syn. ii. 269.
SIZE of the Siskin; length five inches, breadth nine inches. Bill black, upper parts of the plumage dull blue, the feathers very soft; under parts paler, inclining to yellow on the belly; wing coverts greenish blue; quills and tail the same; legs black. No apparent difference between the sexes.
Inhabits Jamaica.
106.—BLACK AND ORANGE FINCH.
Serino affinis Avis e croceo et nigro varia, Rati, 188. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 526. Small black and orange-coloured Bird, Sloan. Jam. ii. 312. 50.
LENGTH four inches; breadth six inches. Bill broad at the base, and three lines long; head, neck, and back, black, with a tinge of orange; wings and tail brown, the feathers fringed with orange; wing coverts and breast orange; belly white; tail an inch and a half long; legs black.
Inhabits Jamaica.— Said to feed on ants.
126 FINCH.
107.—RUFOUS-CHINNED FINCH.
Fringilla Noctis, Ind. Orn. i. 441. Lin. i. 320. Gun. Lin. i. 909.
Passer niger, Bris. iii. 118. t. 7. 1. Id. 8vo.i. 339. Shaw's Zool. ix. 452. Yohualtototl, Raz, 171.
Pere noir, Buf. iii. 485. Pl. enl. 201. 1.
Rufous-chinned Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 267.
SIZE of a Sparrow; length near five inches. Bill black ; irides red; the whole plumage black, except the chin, just under the bill, which is rufous orange; and a spot of the same, between the bill and eye; Jegs blackish.
Inhabits Jamaica, Martinico, Mexico, and other parts of South America.
A.—Fringilla Martinicensis, Gm. Lin. i. 909.
Fringilla rufo-barbata, Jucq. Vog. p. 11. 8.
Tanagra ruficollis, Gm. Lin.i. 894.
Rufous-throated Tanager, Gen. Syn. ui. 241. Id. Sup. 161.
Size of a Lark; length five inches and three quarters. General colour of the plumage deep indigo blue, mclining to lead-colour ; wings and tail dusky; on the throat a large rufous patch ; legs black.
Inhabits Jamaica.
108.—GLOSSY FINCH.
Fringilla nitens, Ind. Orn. i. 442. Gm. Lin.i. 909. ‘Shaw's Zool. ix. 453. Passer niger erythrorynchos, Bris. ii. 120. Id. 8vo. i. 340.
Passer Indicus brachyurus Aldr. Raz, 87. Will. 114.
Moineau du Bresil, Buf. iii. 486. ‘Pl. ent. 291. 1.
Short-tailed Indian Sparrow, Wall. Engl. 252.
Glossy Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 267.
THIS is four inches and a‘half Jong. Bill flesh-colour; arides white ; plumage wholly blue black, with a polished ‘steel igloss ; ‘the legs flesh-colour.
FINCH. 127
In the female, the feathers on the upper parts are blackish, margined with yellowish brown; behind the eye a blackish streak ; rump grey; beneath dusky yellowish brown; tail black, edged with grey; legs reddish.
Inhabits Brazil, and is very common.—One, said to be a female, in Lord Stanley’s Collection, had the head, to below the eyes, deep brown ; above the eye a whitish streak, and a narrower one down the crown.
A.—Fringilla Athiops, Ind. Orn. i. 442. B. Jacq. Vog.p.10. Gm. Lin.i. 908. Id. p.910, 49. B.
Moineau de Cayenne, Pl. enl. 224. 3?
Glossy Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 268. 21. A. Id. Sup. 165.
Size of a Chaffinch. Irides rufous; whole plumage deep black.
Inhabits the woods of Carthagena, in South America; also Cayenne; said to have a very weak note, to produce which requires great exertion, as the head feathers, during the time of singing, as well as those of the neck, appear erect; feeds on fruits and seeds ; is easily tamed, and will be satisfied with bread, when kept in a cage.
B.—Nootka Finch, Gen. Syn. Sup.170. Ind. Orn.i. 442. 25. y.
Size uncertain. General colour black, with a white bill. Inhabits Nootka Sound, where it is called Mamat.
109.—CINEREOUS FINCH.
Fringilla cinerea, Ind. Orn.i. 455. Gm. Lin. i. 922. Shaw’s Zool.ix. 529. Cinereous Finch, Gen. Syn. ili. 274. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 260.
BILL long and dusky ; head, and upper parts cinereous brown, edged with obscure rust-colour; at the comers of the upper mandible
128 FINCH.
a light grey line; on the cheeks beneath, a second band, bounded by a dusky one; throat light grey; the under side of the neck pale ash-colour, varied with whitish marks; legs dusky.
Inhabits Aoonalashka.—Sir Joseph Banks.
110.—CARTHAGENA FINCH.
Fringilla Carthaginiensis, Ind. Orn.i. 465. Gm. Lin.i. 907. Jacq. Vog. p.8. Shaw's Zool. ix. 491. Carthagena Finch, Gen. Syn. Sup. 169.
A TRIFLE bigger than a Canary Bird. Bill and legs pale brown; general colour of the plumage cinereous, spotted with brown and yellow.
Found in the woods of Carthagena, in South America, and has a note not unlike that of a Chaffinch.
111.—RUSTY-COLLARED FINCH.
Fringilla australis, Ind. Orn.i. 466. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 503. Rusty-collared Finch, Gen. Syn. Sup. 169.
SIZE uncertain. General colour of the plumage brown; round the neck a ferruginous collar. Inhabits Terra del Fuego.
112.—BAHAMA FINCH.
Fringilla bicolor, Ind. Orn. i. 456. Lin.i. 324. Gm. Lin.i. 927. Klein, 89. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 481.
Chloris Bahamensis, Bris.iii. 202. Jd. 8vo.i. 363.
La Verdinere, Buf. iv. 184.
Bahama Finch, Gen. Syn.iii. 300. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 247. Cat. Car. i. pl. 87.
- SIZE of a Canary Bird; length five inches. Bill black; head, throat, and breast the same: the rest of the bird dusky green.
FINCH. 129
This is common in the woods of Bahama, where it sits perched on the tops of trees, and sings prettily, not unlike a Chaffinch ; it varies in colour. One, in the British Museum, has an ash-coloured belly, and the vent tinged with red: this came from Jamaica. We have likewise observed two others, one of which had neither the head nor the back part of the neck black, but the feathers of the head inclined to ash-colour : the second brownish olive above, beneath ash- colour; quills and tail dusky, edged with olive. The two last were brought from Barbadoes.
113.—LEPID FINCH. Fringilla lepida, Ind. Orn. i. 455. Lin. i. 320. Gm. Lin. i. 907. Jacq. Vog. vii. t.2.
Shaw’s Zool. ix. 513.
Lepid Finch, Gen. Syn.iii. 299. Id, Sup. 167.
LENGTH three inches and a half. Bill and eyes black; general colour of the plumage greenish brown ; over the eyesa fulvous stripe, and a smaller one between them; chin fulvous; breast black; legs grey.—Inhabits the woods about Havannah, in the Isle of Cuba, and is easily tamed; sings frequently, but in so weak a tone, as to be scarcely heard, except by very near approach: one of these had several transverse streaks of black on the breast, instead of full black; over the eye, and the chin pale yellow: this probably may be a young bird, or a female. In the Collection of Lord Stanley.
114.—WHITE-THROATED FINCH.
Fringilla Pensilvanica, Ind. Orn.i. 445. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 499.
albicollis, Gm. Lin. i. 921. Amer. Orn. iii. pl. 22. f.2.
Passer Pensilvanicus, Bris. App.'77. Id. 8vo. i. 367.
White-throated Sparrow, Edw. pl. 304.
White-throated Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 272. Id. Sup. 166. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 248.
LENGTH six inches and a half; breadth nine; weight three quarters of an ounce The bill dusky blue; irides hazel; from the S
VOL. VI.
130 FINCH.
corner of the mouth, through the eye, a dusky streak ; on the sides of the crown a narrow line of white, and above the eye one of orange- colour; upper parts of the plumage reddish brown; throat white ; cheeks, and the rest of the under parts cinereous white; edge of the upper part of the wing pale yellow; tail a trifle cuneiform; the legs flesh-colour. In the female the stripe on the head is light drab-colour ; the breast not so dark ; throat dusky white; the line of yellow above the eye shorter; all beneath pale drab.
Inhabits Pennsylvania; has been seen in ame flocks at New York, in January, retires to the inland parts to breed; it comes in October, and departs about the 29th of April; supposed to pass the summer in Newfoundland; found in the winter in the States south of New England, particularly about Roanoke River, but retires also from these as summer advances.
Some birds have the orange spot at the base of the bill very obscure, and want the white spot on the chin, from which circum- stances such may be supposed to be females.
115.—ASH-CROWNED FINCH.
LENGTH six inches. Bill pale brown ; crown deep ash-colour, surrounded with black as a wreath; below the nape a ferruginous collar, passing to the throat before, where it is a little mingled with dusky ; back brown, middle of the feathers blackish; wings dusky, the feathers margined with ferruginous; greater quills plain; rump pale brownish ash ; tail even, plain brown; under part of the body, from chin to vent, dusky white; legs brown.
Inhabits South America.—Mr. Bullock.
FINCH. 131
116.—NORTHERN FINCH.
LENGTH six inches. Bill reddish brown; crown of the head, nape, and sides, black ; down the middle of the crown a white streak ; through the eye asecond; and around patch of the same on the ears ; a short white streak also at the under jaw ; under parts of the bird from the chin yellowish buff, surrounding the neck ; back dusky black, the feathers margined with buff-colour; wing coverts tipped with white, and a patch of white on the inner coverts; tail brown, a trifle hollowed at the end, the two middle feathers ending ina sharp point ; the two exterior ones chiefly white, but brown for some length on the the margins of the inner web to some way from the end ; and marked on the outer, a little way from the tip, with the same ; legs red brown.
Inhabits Hudson’s Bay.—Mr. Bullock.
117.—STRIPED-HEADED FINCH.
Fringilla striata, Ind. Orn. i. 446. Gm. Lin. i. 923. Shaw's Zool. ix. 498. Striped-headed Finch, Gen. Syn. ii. 275. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 250.
LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill lead-colour; between that and the eye, and the forehead yellow; on the head three black stripes; behind the eye another ; sides of the head whitish ; the chin white; all the upper parts of the bird the colour of a Linnet, the middle of each feather being very dark ; wing coverts and tail plain brown, the last ssomewhat cuneiform ; quills dusky; breast blue grey; belly very pale; legs pale brown.
Inhabits New York in the winter, first appearing at the end of October, chiefly among the brambles, brush wood, and thickets departing in spring ; extends also as far as Georgia.
$2
132 FINCH.
One, described by Mr. Abbot, was six inches and a half long; nine broad ; and weighed three quarters of an ounce. Top of the head black, divided on each side by a white streak ; between the bill and eye a yellow spot, passing backwards over the eye, and changing into a white one, bounded behind the eye with a black streak beneath ; sides under the eyes pale ash-colour; breast and belly the same, but the latter paler; chin and throat white, separated from the ash-colour by a narrow whisker of black; upper parts of the body pale red brown, the middle of the feathers darker ; across the wiug two stripes, composed of white dots, the ends of the wing coverts being white; rump inclining to ash-colour; tail brown; the wings red brown; outer edge, from the shoulder, yellow; bill and legs pale.
118.—YELLOW-PINIONED FINCH.
LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill formed like that of the Chaftinch, colour dusky ; head and sides, including the jaws, black ; down the middle of the crown a pale ash-coloured stripe; over each eye a white streak, descending on the side of the nape, as far as the black continues; back, wings, and tail fine yellow olive ; bend of the wing, and part of the lesser wing coverts fine yellow, inclined to orange at the bend ; beneath the wing yellow; the under parts of the body yellowish white; chin and throat pale buff yellow; down the middle of the breast pale. buff; sides, under the wings, pale ash-colour; quills,.and tail the colour of the back, the former somewhat concave, and reach to about one-third on the. tail, which is nearly even.at the end; legs pale.
In the Collection of Lord Stanley. There seems to be some shinee in common with the three last described, yet in others they differ considerably.
FINCH. 133
119.—STREAKED-HEADED FINCH.
LENGTH four inches and three quarters; breadth eight and a half. Bill pale red brown; head and neck yellow; crown streaked with black, as in many Yellow Buntings; a divaricated streak, made up of spots, on each jaw; the upper parts of the bird marked with purplish red spots on the back, each feather having a black streak down the shaft; lesser wing coverts reddish buff, with a few black markings; breast and sides marked with longish purple streaks; the middle of the belly, thighs, and vent yellowish white; quills and tail purplish brown, the edges of the feathers paler; tail moderately cuneiform, or much rounded, the feathers somewhat pointed at the ends; legs pale.
Inhabits Georgia, coming early in October, and retiring in spring ; chiefly found among weeds and grass, and is the most rare of all the Sparrows; called the Grass Sparrow.—Mr. Abbot.
120.—SONG FINCH.
Fringilla melodia, Song Sparrow, Amer. Orn. ii. pl. 16. 4.
THIS is six inches and a half long, extent eight inches and a half. Bull horn-colour; head above dark chestnut, divided by a pale dirty white line; over the eye a yellow oker line, inclining to ash ; chin white; gape of the mouth and hinder angle of the eye dark chestnut; breast, and sides under the wings thickly marked with long pointed, dark chestnut spots, centered with black, running in chains ; belly white; vent the colour of yellow oker; tail rounded, brown, somewhat long, the two middle feathers streaked with black.in the middle ; wing coyerts black, margined with bay, and tipped with yellowish white ; quills dusky brown.
134. FINCH.
Inhabits New York and Pennsylvania ; builds the nest on the ground, under a tussuck of fine dried grass, lined with hair; lays four or five bluish white eggs, thickly marked with reddish brown spots; sometimes has three broods in a year; but it does not always build in the same manner; for the nest has been found in a bush, five or six feet from the ground ; frequents the borders of rivers and meadows, swamps, &c. has a short sweet note, somewhat like the beginning of a Canary Finch’s, chanting for an hour together. It passes southward in November ; if wounded, or unable to fly, is said to take to the water readily, and to swim with rapidity. Is esteemed the most numerous, and most lasting songster.
121.—FASCIATED FINCH.
Fringilla fasciata, Ind. Orn. i. 445. Gm. Lin. i. 922. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 505. Fasciated Finch, Gen. Syn.iit. 273. Arct. Zool. ii.. No. 252.
CROWN, hind part of the neck, and back, rust-coloured, spotted with black ; the spots largest on the back; wings plain rust- colour; primaries dusky, edged with dirty white; under parts of the body white, marked with streaks of black, pointing downwards; tail brown, crossed with numerous dusky bars.
Inhabits New York.
122.—-GRASS FINCH.
Frngilla graminea, Ind. Orn. i. 445. Gm. Lin. i. 922. Shaw’s Zool.ix. 504. Emberiza graminea, Bay-winged Bunting, Amer. Orn. iv. pl. 31. £. 5. Grass Finch, Gen. Syn. iti. 273. Arct. Zool. i. No. 253.
LENGTH six inches, breadth ten. Bill dark brown, paler beneath ; round the eye a narrow circle of white; head, upper part of the neck, and back, cinereous, rush-coloured, and black, edged
FINCH. 135
with white; primaries dusky, with white edges; lower part of the neck and sides white, marked with small streaks; belly pure white ; tail dusky, subcuneciform, outer feathers white on the outer edge and tip; the next tipped, and edged for half an inch, with white ; the rest dusky ; bill and legs pale brown. The male and female are much alike.
Inhabits New York, where it stays all the winter, and known by the name of Grass Bird; it only winters in Georgia, and does not — breed there.
One sent to Mr. Francillon, similar, if not the same with this, had the outer tail feather white, except the base half within; the next mostly white on the outer web ; the third white at the extreme tip ; this is called Summer Grass Sparrow, and is the only one which stays the whole year; the rest leave Georgia in spring; it has a pretty note, chiefly seen on the ground on the grass, the nest on the ground, of dried grass, under some small bush ; eggs small, oblong, white: it generally has two broods in a year.
123.—SPOTTED FINCH.
LENGTH six inches, breadth nine. — Bill and legs pale; plumage in general pale ash, marked with large brown spots, except the quills and the tail, which are plain; the under parts paler than above, but have the same brown spots; tail a trifle hollowed; at the top of the head a pale streak ; sides of it buff-colour; over the eye whitish, appearing as a stripe; behind the eye a dash of brown, and on the lower jaw a longer one of the same.
Another, supposed to differ in sex, is six inches and a quarter long, extent of wing ten. General colour of plumage as in the male, but paler; on the crown an obscure whitish streak, and on the under jaw a curved white one; shoulders of the wings ferruginous, the rest of the wing and tail brown, the margins paler; tail a trifle
136 FINCH.
forked, the outer feather white ; the next white on the outer margin, and near the tip; bill and legs as in the other.
Inhabits Georgia, appearing there about the end of October, and frequents fields and plantations throughout the winter, running among the grass; and is more often seen on the ground than the rest of the Sparrows.
Mr. Abbot, who communicated the above, calls it the Spotted Sparrow. But although the above two are described as male and female, he will not be positive of the circumstance.
124.—SUMMER FINCH.
LENGTH six inches, breadth eight. Bill dusky, the under mandible pale; plumage above pale ash-colour, marked with deep reddish brown spots, the middle of each feather being of that colour ; or in other words, deep reddish brown, the feathers deeply margined with ash-colour ; sides of the head, chin, and breast, dusky yellowish, but pale; over the eye, from the nostrils, a reddish, obscure, long streak ; chin, throat, and breast, pale yellow brown; belly, thighs, and vent, white ; quills brown; bend of the wing yellow ; tail greatly cuneiform, brownish ash-colour, pale ash beneath ; the two middle feathers two inches and a half long, the outer one and three quarters ; legs yellow.
The female differs, in being paler in colour, and the dark parts have a rufous tinge, less bright beneath.
Inhabits Georgia the whole year, frequenting fences, brushwood, and thickets. The nest usually on the ground, among the grass, under some small bushes ; it is composed of dried grass for the most part; the eggs dusky white. It is called the Summer Sparrow.
This bird is sometimes seen quite white. As Mr. Abbot informed me of such an one being taken from a nest, in which all. the others were of the common colour.
FINCH. 137
125.—NORTON FINCH.
Fringilla Nortoniensis, Ind. Orn. i. 446. Gm. Lin. i. 922. Shaw's Zool. ix. 485. Norton Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 274, Arct. Zool. i. No. 256.
HEAD, neck behind, and secondaries, black, edged with bright bay; the middle order crossed with a white line; primaries dusky ; sides of the neck, and fore part, spotted down the middle with rust- colour; tail dusky, edged with dirty white; along the middle of the outer feather a pure white line, ending at the tip.
Inhabits Norton Sound.—Mr. Pennant.
126.—SHARP-TAILED FINCH.
Fringilla caudacuta, Ind. Orn.i. 450. Shaw’s Zool.ix. 515. Sharp-tailed Finch, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 208.
LENGTH five inches, extent of the wings eight. Bill and legs pale ; irides dark brown; plumage in general mottled brown, and pale rufous, the last chiefly at the edges of the feathers; throat pale rufous, and a streak of the same over the eyes; lower part of the neck behind rufous, but darker than the throat; tail even at the end, but the tips of all the feathers slope off to a sharp point.
Inhabits the internal parts of Georgia, and, perhaps, may be what is there called the Yellow-pinioned Grass Sparrow, which frequents thickets and grass, round the sides of ponds, in Burke Country; supposed to remain nearly in the same place throughout the year. Is not very common. ‘This appears to coincide in some points with our Sharp-tailed Oriole, but differs in the shape of the tail, being even at the end.
VOL. VI. T
138 FINCH.
127.—LONG-TAILED FINCH.
Fringilla macroura, Ind. Orn. i. 460... Gm. Lin. i. 918. Shaw's Zool. ix. 547. Long-tailed Finch, Gen, Syn. iti. 310.
LENGTH seven inches and a half. Bill half an inch long, pale brown; plumage above not unlike that of a Skylark, beneath pale ash-colour ; some of the feathers of the back margined with yellow olive; wings. yellowish olive-green ; under wing coverts: yellow ; quills brown, margined outwardly with yellow olive, making them appear wholly of the last colour; tail very cuneiform, brown, the two middle feathers three inches and a half in length, and pointed at the ends, the outmost two inches and a half only; the others gra- duated, but all pointed ; legs pale, rather short, hind claw large.
Inhabits Cayenne, and other parts of America; has somewhat the appearance of the Grasshopper Warbler, in poser to plumage, but on a larger scale.
128.—ORANGE FINCH.
Fringilla Zena, Ind. Orn.i. 446. Lin.i. 320. Gm. Lin.i. 907. Shaw's Zool. ix. 497. Fringilla Bahamensis, Bris. ni. 168. Jd. 8vo.i. 353. Klein, 97. 6.
Pinson a téte noir et blanche, Buf. iv, 140?
Bahama Finch, Cates. Cur. 1. pl. 42.
Orange Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 276. Arct. Zool. ul. No. 244.
SIZE of the Chaffinch ; length six inches and,a quarter. Bill lead-colour; irides pale; head, fore part of the neck, back, and scapulars black; on each side of the head two streaks of white, one aboye, the other beneath the eye; on the chin a large yellow spot ; hind part of the neck, rump, and upper tail coverts dull red; breast orange ; belly, thighs, and vent, white; wings brown, on the coverts a band of white; tail brown; legs lead-colour.
FINCH. 139
The female is more dull ; head. and neck ash-colour ; whder parts of the body paler than the upper ; and a tinge of ash through the whole of the plumage.
Inhabits the Bahama Islands, Jamaica, and other parts of the West Indies, and South America. Manners unknown.
129.—PURPLE FINCH.
Fringilla purpurea, Ind. Orn.i. 446. Gm. Lin. i. 923. Shaw's Zool. ix. 507.
Pyrrhula Carolinensis violacea, Bris. iii. 324. Id. 8vo.1. 399.
Bouvreuil violet de la Caroline, Buf. iv. 395.
Purple Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 275. Arct. Zool. ii, No.258. Cates. Car.i. pl.41. Bartr. Trav. 289. Am. Orn.i. pl.7. f.4. male. IJd.v,. p. 87. pl.42. f.3. young male.
SIZE of a Chaffinch ; length six inches; breadth ten. General colour of the plumage crimson, with a tinge of purple or violet; the rump brighter; the rest of the plumage with darker blotchings; middle of the belly, thighs, and vent, dusky white ; quills and tail brown, with pale margins; tail forked.
The female is rather smaller ; general colour brown, except the breast, which is spotted with white like a Thrush. In the Amer. Orn. the female is said to be brown olive, streaked with dusky black ; the head seamed Jaterally with whitish lines ; breast whitish ;* below the hind part of the ear feathers two streaks of white; quills and tail feathers edged with dull brown, instead of white. Perhaps these two descriptions of the female may be owing to difference of age, unless one of them may be a male in imperfect plumage.
Inhabits Pennsylvania, Carolina, and Georgia ; comes to the first in September and October, and feeds on the seeds of Button wood,t+ Juniper, and Cedar. As the season becomes severe, proceeds to Georgia, and returns in April : assembles sometimes in small fiights
* Such an one in Vol. v. pl. 42, as a young male, in this the breast is spotted with brown
dashes. + Conocarpus erecta. T2
=~
140 FINCH.
retiring north as spring advances; is seen among the Cedar trees, but is rare about Savannah ;* and although found in the Southern, is certainly much more plentiful in the Northern States.
A.—Crimson-headed Finch, Arct. Zool. ii. No. 257.
Head and breast crimson, the first faintly spotted with dusky ; behind each eye dusky; back, wing coverts, primaries, and tail, black, edged with crimson ; belly white tinged with red.
Inhabits America, seen first at New York in April; frequent
among the red cedars, and shifts most nimbly round the stems.— General Davies.
130.—GEORGIAN FINCH.
Fningilla Georgiana, Ind. Orn. i. 400. Shaw's Zool. ix. 537. Georgian Finch, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 209.
LENGTH six inches. Bill dusky ; irides brown; head brown, full of feathers; middle of the back dusky brown, the under parts white ; chin and throat grey ; beneath the jaw a divaricated black streak ; lesser wing coverts rufous; quills and tail feathers rufous on the outer edges; legs brown.
Inhabits Georgia, under the name of Grass Sparrow, which seems to be a common appellation for several of the Finch kind.
In the collection of drawings from Mr. Abbot, I find a similar bird under the name of Ground Sparrow. This seems to answer as to the general description ; the tail brown, a trifle hollowed at the end, the outer feather white, with the shaft dusky, the inner web brown for three-fourths from the base ; the next white, fringed on the outer web and tip, the rest brown; legs pale brown.
* Mr. Abbot
FINCH. 141
131.—MUSTACHOE FINCH.
LENGTH six inches. _ Bill pale brown; top and sides of the head chestnut; forehead for one-third black ; the crown divided down the middle by a whitish line; over the eye, from the nostrils, a dusky white line ; chin and throat white; on each side of the under jaw a long streak like a whisker ; upper parts of the body brown, streaked with darker; beneath dusky white ; tail rounded, the outer feather white on the outer web, and half of the inner; from the base to the middle brown; the others brown, more or less, from the base on both webs; the white shorter as the feather is more inward; the two centre, or middle feathers, wholly brown; that is, on the first the white occupies one inch ; on the second three-eighths of an inch; on the third a quarter of an inch; the fourth three-eighths ; and fifth white only just at the tip; the quills reach one-third on the tail; legs yellow.—In the collection of Lord Stanley.
132.--H YBERNAL FINCH.
Fringilla pusilla, Field Sparrow, Amer. Orn. ii. pl. 16. f. 2. Passer agrestis, Little Field Sparrow, Bartr. Trav. p. 289.
LENGTH four inches and three quarters, breadth eight inches and a half. Bill and legs pale; top of the head red brown, streaked with black dots; sides of the head, and all beneath dusky white, inclining to yellow on the sides of the head ; through the eye, from the bill, an ash-coloured streak, curved behind ; and under the eye a short curved one; back black, and pale cinereous yellow, mixed ; lower part of the back and rump ash; wings dusky within, and the outer margins of the feathers rufous; tail somewhat forked, the feathers of it and the quills dusky, with pale margins.
142 FINCH.
The female much like the male, but pale; in both sexes the lower part of the neck, especially the back part, inclines to ash- colour ; forehead ash; feathers of the wings and tail margined with whitish, not inclining to red as in the male.
Inhabits Georgia ; very common in the winter, in trees and thickets, m plantations.—Mr. Abbot.
A.—A Variety is mentioned, very pale rufous above, a pale streak over the eye; the under parts, quills, and tail, white.
B.—A second Variety with the crown, back, shoulders, rump, and ends of the tail, dusky spotted ; the rest of the bird white. This appears not uncommon in the lower parts of the country, about Savannah, in Georgia ; sometimes in Burke Country.
I have ventured to put the quotation from the Amer. Ornith. at the head, supposing it to be the same here described; which the author says, comes into Pennsylvania in April, makes a nest on the ground, lined with hair, and lays six eggs, so thickly sprinkled with ferruginous, as to appear wholly of that colour; that the bird has mostly two, and sometimes three broods in the season. It will often stay the whole year, but generaJly disappears in the winter months, when a deep snow comes on, at which time they are found in num- bers in Georgia ; from which last it departs on the return of spring. Ts the smallest of all the American Sparrows; has no song but a chirp, not unlike the noise made by a cricket.—In this work the male is described having a chestnut crown, divided by a slight streak of drab, widening as it passes backwards ; cheeks, line over the eyes, breast, and sides under the wings, brownish clay, darker on the ears, and paler on the chin.
The female much the same, but the chestnut crown brighter in
the male.
FINCH. 143
133.—RUFOUS FINCH.
LENGTH six inches, breadth eight. Bill dusky ; head brown, streaked with rufous ; in the middle of the crown a cinereous stripe ; at the gape a broad stripe of pale ash-colour, passing through ‘the eye to the breast on each side, where it changes to white, and con- tinues to the vent; chin ash-colour, streaked with brown ; upper parts of the body brown, mixed with ferruginous and black ; and some of the secondaries edged with white; rump streaked with black; tail rounded, brown, the outer margins ferruginous, the feathers pointed at the ends ; the wings, when closed, scarcely cover the end of the ramp; legs dull yellow.
The female like the male, but the colours less bright.
Inhabits Georgia, frequents thick briers and low grassy plats of some plantations in the winter, but is not common.
134.--LESSER RUFOUS FINCH.
LENGTH five inches, breadth seven. anda half, Bill. pale brown ; the whole of the head and body. tinged with rufous, most, soe on the crown; mixed with, paler spots on, the. back; second, wing coverts with whitish tips, forming.a bar; through the eye and sides of the head pale, and the breast plain coloured ;, belly, thighs, and vent, white ; lesser wing coverts pale dull ash, the vest of the feathers of the wing dusky, except the outer margins, which are rufous; tail rather long, and a trifle forked, black, and one inch and a quarter in length ; legs pale.
Inhabits Georgia in winter, frequenting plantations and thickets. I am informed by Mr. Abbot, that this is known by the name of the Lesser Rufous. Sparrow, as.the former is by that of the Greater.
144 FINCH.
135.—SPOTTED-BREASTED FINCH.
LENGTH five inches, breadth nine. Bill pale; general colour of the plumage purplish brown; down the middle of the crowna pale simpe. and a broad cinereous one from the bill, occupying almost the whole side of the head. divided behind the eye by a brown streak: from the under mandible a kind of whisker; chin and and under parts of the body nearly white, with patches and streaks of brown, especially across the breast, but the middle of the belly is plain ; wings and tail brown, the latter very little rounded at the end; the wings reach just to the ramp: legs pale.
Inhabits Georgia. often in company with the Spotted Finch, and others; and called Spotted-breasted Sparrow.
136.—WINTER FINCH.
Pringille byemelss, Ind. Orn.i. 456. Gam. Tim.i. 922. Shaw's Zool_ix. 490. Wooster Finch, Gew. Syn. tm. 274. Aret. Zool. a. No. 4.
HEAD. neck, and breast, light brown, mottled with black; fore part of the neck, breast, and sides, white, marked with small brown spots: belly plain white: wing coverts and primaries brown, edged with white.—Found at New York in the winter.
One sent by Mr. Abbot from Georgia, under the name of Winter Sparrow. was six inches and a half long. and nine broad.
137.—LITTLE WINTER FINCH.
LENGTH five inches. Bill as in the Linnet: crown chestnut brown down the middle. body above ash brown, the feathers darker within; wing coverts dusky, edged with tawny. the second and third
PINCH. 145
coverts with pale edges ; ramp ash-colour; beneath the body cime- reous white, darker on the breast; tail a tnfle forked, two inches and a quarter long. dusky ; legs pale brown.
The female differs but little; the chestnut on the crown paler, and a little mixed, and no spots on the sides in either sex.
Inhabits Georgia, sent from thence by Mr. Abbot, under the name of Little Brown Winter Sparrow.
1358.—RICE-FIELD FINCH.
LENGTH five inches. Bill pale; plumage above rufous brown. spotted with black ; down the middle of the crown a whitish streak ; from the nostrils, over each eye, a pale one; wings dark, edges of the feathers rufous brown; those of the back brown, with whitish edges; under parts white; throat, breast, and sides, spotted with brown: chin and belly plam ; legs pale.
Inbabits Georgia; called by Mr. Abbot, Winter Rice-field
Sparrow.
139— BRAZILIAN FINCH.
Fringilla granatina, Ind. Orn.i. 463. Lim.i. 319. Gm. Lim.i. 906. Bris. ii. 216. t. 9.3. Id. Svo. i. 367. Borowsk. im. 140. t. 62. B. Spalowsk. i. «33. Shaw's Zool. ix. 546.
Loxia granatina, Daeud.ii. 446.
Passer Mexicanus, Gerin. mi. t. 343. 2.
Le Grenadin, Buf- iv. 169. pl. 7. f1. Pi. enl. 109. 3.
Brasilian Finch, Gen. Syn. mi. 316. Edw. pl. 191. Bauer. Gwian. p. 181.
SIZE of the Siskin; length near five inches. Bill like red coral; irides dark ; eyelids scarlet; sides of the head, round the eye, blossom coloured, inclined to violet; base of the bill above blue: throat, lower part of the belly, and thighs, black ; rest of the head and body
VOL. VI. U
146 FINCH.
chestnut; back and scapulars brownish; rump blue; quills brown; tail cuneiform, black; legs pale grey.
The female has a red bill; a little purple under the eyes; top of the head fulvous; back grey brown ; throat and under parts pale fulvous ; lower part of the belly and vent whitish, the rest not far different from the male, but less bright.
Inhabits Brazil and Guiana. Has an agreeable song, and _ fre- quently kept in cages by the Europeans: is a very lively bird.
Several Varieties occur; some have a spot of brown between the bill and eye; and the hind parts of the body, both above and beneath, violet. In others, the lower belly and thighs are of the same colour as the upper parts; and in a few the tail is reddish.
140.—BLUE-FACED FINCH.
Fringilla tricolor, Ind. Orn.i. 464. Lin. i. 323. Gm. Lin. i. 923. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 510. American Sparrow of Seba, Bancr. Guian. 182. Blue-faced Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 318.
THE forehead, temples, and throat of this bird, are blue ;_ region of the nostrils black ; back the same; shoulders green; under parts yellowish white; quills black, the primaries green on the outer edge ; tail black, even at the end.
Inhabits Surimam.—Bancroft’s bird had the breast lively blue; rump deep green; wings and tail purplish black.
141. -YELLOW-THROATED FINCH.
Fringilla flavicollis, Ind. Orn. i. 465. Gm. Lin. i. 926. Shaw's Zool. ix. 478. Yellow-throated Finch, Gen. Syn. Sup. 168. Aret. Zool. 11. No. 249.
BILL and legs bluish grey; head and upper parts of the body cinereous; prime quills dusky, edged with pale brown ; chin white; on, the throat a. pale yellow spot; belly dirty white.
Inhabits. New York.
FINCH. 147
142.—_CAYENNE FINCH.
LENGTH five inches and half. Plumage above brown, beneath very pale ash-colour, streaked with brown; quills and tail dusky black, the latter rounded at the end.
Inhabits Cayenne.—In the collection of Mr. Francillon.
143.—BEARDED FINCH.
Fringilla barbata, Ind. Orn.i. 456. Gm. Lin.i. 915. Molin. Chil. 219. Id. Fr. Ed. 227. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 484. 7 Bearded Finch, Gen. Syn. Sup. 1i. 208.
SIZE and habit of the Canary Finch. Bill white at the base, and black towards the tip; head black and velvety ; body yellow, with a greenish tinge; wings ‘variegated with green, yellow, red, and black ; tail brown; from the chin hangs an elongated tuft of black feathers, like a beard ; which in very old birds extends to the middle of the breast.
The female is wholly grey; wings spotted with yellow; but is without the beard-like feathers from the chin.
Inhabits the mountainous parts of Chili, next the sea; builds in trees, making the nest of straw and feathers, the eggs only two in number; said to breed several times in the year; hence it is very numerous, and caught by the natives by thousands; some to be kept in cages, but the chief part to be eaten, as the flesh is accounted savoury, and in much estimation. The male is valued for its song, which the other sex does not possess in the least. The male will also, besides its own, mimic the notes of others ; called by the Spaniards Gilghero, or Goldfinch, which it somewhat resembles in colour; feeds on seeds of various kinds, and in particular the Chili Chervil.*
* Scandix Chilensis.
U2
148 FINCH.
144.—SURINAM FINCH.
Fringilla Surinama, Ind. Orn.i. 447. Lin. i. 317. Gm. Lin.i. 900. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 487.
La Linotte de Surinam, Ferm. Surin. ii. 199 ?
Surinam Finch, Gen. Syn. i. 276.
SIZE uncertain. Bill sharp, yellow; body grey; belly whitish ; quills black, the prime ones near the base white ; secondaries white hoth at the base and tips; tail even, blackish ; the first and second feathers have a white spot on the inside, the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth, white at the tips.
Inhabits Surinam; and may probably be the same bird mentioned by Fermin, which he says, is bigger than a Sparrow; of a greyish ash-colour; with a yellowish bill and throat. He adds, too, that the song is very trifling, but the flesh much esteemed.
145.—VARIEGATED FINCH.
Fringilla variegata, Ind. Orn. i. 448. Gm. Lin. i. 911. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 527. --— varia nove Hispanie, Bris. ii. 178. Jd. 8vo. i, 356.
Le Touite, Buf. iv. 146. Seba, i. 175. t. 110. 7.
Variegated Finch, Gen. Syn. 1. 279.
SIZE of a Chaffinch; length five inches and three quarters. Bill yellowish ; head pale red, mixed with purple; breast pale yellow, shaded with deeper; the feathers of the body variegated, or marbled with red, yellow, blue, and white; quills the same, and tail; but the latter margined with white at the tip; legs red.
Inhabits New Spain, and there called Tuite
FINCH. 149
146.— AUTUMNAL FINCH.
Fringilla autumnalis, Ind. Orn.i. 455. Lin, i. 320. Gm. Lin.i. 908. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 481. Autumnal Finch, Gen. Syn. ii. 298.
THIS is said to be greenish in colour; top of the head ferru-
ginous; vent testaceous; tail even at the end. Inhabits Surinam.
147.—YELLOW-WINGED FINCH. Fringilla passerina, Yellow-winged Sparrow, Amer. Orn. iii. pl. 24. f. 5.
LENGTH five inches, extent eight. Bill dusky, beneath pale bluish white; head above blackish, divided by a slight line of white ; hindhead and neck above, marked with short lateral touches of black and white; above the eye, from the nostril, aline of yellow; cheeks plain brownish white; back streaked black brown, and pale ash; shoulders above and below, and lesser wing coverts, olive yellow ; greater coverts black, edged with pale ash; primaries light drab; tail the same, the feathers rather pointed at the ends, the outer ones white; breast plain yellowish white; belly and vent white; three or four slight touches of dusky at the sides of the breast; legs flesh- colour. Male and female much alike.
Inhabits the lower parts of New York and Pennsylvania ; very numerous in Staten Island, and along the sea coast of New Jersey : makes the nest on the ground, among the grass, of loose materials, lined with hair, and fibrous roots; lays five greyish white eggs, sprinkled with brown. A female found sitting the Ist of August : feeds both on insects and seeds; does not remain there during the winter; the breast, being pale ochre, distinguishes it from the Sa- vannah Sparrow, pl. 22. f. 3.
150 FINCH.
148.—SEA-SIDE FINCH.
Fringilla maritima, Sea-side Finch, Amer. Orn. iv. pl. 34. f. 2.
LENGTH six inches, extent eight. Bill dusky, pale blue beneath, and rather elongated ; irides hazel ; crown brownish olive, divided laterally by a stripe of slate blue, or fine light ash; back, wings, and tail, yellowish brown olive, intermixed with very pale blue; chin pure white, bordered on the sides by a stripe of dark ash, from each base of the under mandible; above that another of white ; from the nostrils, over the eye, another of rich yellow, bordered above with white, and ending with yellow olive ; breast ash- colour, streaked with buff; belly white; vent buff, streaked with black; greater and lesser wing coverts tipped with dull white; edge of the wing, at the bend, rich yellow; primaries edged with the same immediately below their coverts ; tail cuneiform, olive brown, centred with black ; legs pale bluish white. Male and female much alike.
Inhabit the rush-covered sea islands along the Atlantic coast, keeping within the boundaries of the tide water in general, searching among the interstices of the sea weed and wrack, with a rapidity equalled only by the nimblest of our Sandpipers, and much im their manner. The flesh is not good, as it tastes fishy, or sedgy, owing to the bird eating shrimps, minute shell-fish, &c. the stomach being always found full of fragments of the latter: often roosts on the ground, and runs about after dusk.
149.—CHIPPING FINCH.
Fringilla socialis, Chipping Sparrow, Am. Orn. ii. pl. 16. f.5. Bartr. Trav, p. 291.
LENGTH. five inches and a quarter, breadth eight. Bill black, under mandible, in summer, flesh-colour ; frontlet black ; crown
FINCH. 15)
chestnut; chin and line over the eye whitish; back varied black, and bright bay ; ramp dark ash-colour; wings black, the feathers broadly edged with bright chestnut; breast and sides of the neck pale ash; belly and vent white; tail rather forked, dusky, slightly edged with pale ochre yellow; legs pale flesh-colour.
The female differs, in having less black on the frontlet, and the bay duller; but both sexes lose the black front in moulting, only having it in the summer ; and the young wholly without it the first season.
Inhabits Pennsylvania ; is domestic and sociable, building in the streets and gardens, on the branches of trees, and in cedar by pre- ference, picking up crumbs from the yards and doors; the nest lined thickly with hair; the eggs four or five, light blue, with a few purplish spots near the great end: at the end of summer, when the weather is-severe, departs for the south.
150.—TAWNY-RUMPED FINCH.
LENGTH six mches. Bill dusky; head pale ash-colour, blending by degrees with the back, which is tawny brown ; lower part of the latter, ramp, and upper tail coverts, fme tawny, or very pale rust; wing coverts tawny ; the rest of the wing most inclined to brown; quills brown, the exterior margins tawny brown; under parts from the chin very pale, or whitish ash-colour; middle of the chin and throat white ; the under tail coverts the same; tail longish, even at the end, the feathers brown ; legs brownish yellow.
A specimen of thisis in the collection of Lord Stanley; but without certainty of its native place. I have seen others im the collection of Mr. Bullock.
152 PLANT-CUTTER.
GENUS XLVY.—PLANT-CUTTER.
1 Chili PI. C. \| 2 Abyssinian PI. C.
Britt conic, straight, serrated on the edges. Nostrils oval. Tongue short, obtuse.
* WITH FOUR TOES.
1.—CHILI PLANT-CUTTER.
Phytotoma Rara, Ind. Orn. i. 466. Molin. Chil. (Fr. ed.) 234. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 336. Phytotome du Chili, Daud. ii. 366.
Le Denté, Voy. d’ Azara, iii, No. 91.
Chili Plant-Cutter, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 212.
SIZE ofa Quail. Bill very strong, pointed at the tip, half an _ Inch Jong, indented like a saw on the edges; tongue very short, blunt; irides brown; back dusky grey; the under parts paler; tail of a moderate length, rounded at the end; quills and tail feathers spotted with black ; the foot furnished with four toes, three before and one behind ; the back toe much shorter than the others.
Inhabits Chili, where it is not uncommon: its voice is rough, and the bird, at intervals, utters the syllables Ra, Ra, very distinctly ; its food is vegetables, perhaps preferring the parts next to the root, for with much pains, it digs about, and cuts off the plants with its bill, as it were with a saw, close to the ground; from this circum- stance, it does much injury to the gardens, and is detested by the inhabitants.
Le | ‘
i a
MCI Vee ag mt te
Boos eg
hae
Pl. XCVIL.
PLANT-CUTTER. 153
These birds build in high trees, well clothed with leaves, and in unfrequented places; the eggs are white, spotted with red. M. d’Azara says, the bird is seven inches long, and more than nine broad- One only of this species seen in Paraguay.
** WITH THREE TOES.
2.— A BYSSINIAN PLANT-CUTTER.—PL. xcyut.
Loxia tridactyla, Ind. Orn.i. 397. 93. Gm. Lin. i. 866. Nat. Misc, pl. 725. Phytotome d’ Abyssinie, Daud. ii. 366. pl. 28. 1.
Hyreus Abyssinicus, Shaw’s Zool. ix. 338. pl. 53.
Le Guifso Balito, Buf. iu. 471.
Three-toed Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. ii. 159.
Abyssinian Plant-Cutter, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 213. pl. 133.
SIZE of the Common Grosbeak ; length about six inches. Bill stout, brown; head and fore part of the neck red; the rest of the plumage black; about the shoulders brownish, tinged with green > the greater wing coverts appearing as black scales, margined with white, slightly tinged with olive; tail a trifle forked ; legs brown, with only three toes, two before and one behind. ;
This is the description of M. Daudin, from a drawing sent to him, copied from a Nubian specimen ; it seems, however, to differ a little from that described by Buffon, for his bird is said to be black, with not only the head, and fore part of the neck of a beautiful red, but that colour prolonged in a narrow band, quite to the vent; the wing coverts brown, edged with white, and the quills edged with green. Buffon took his description from Mr. Bruce’s drawings, done in Abyssinia, where it is said to be a solitary species, living on the kernels of almonds, the shells of which it easily breaks with the bill. The name it is known by in its native place is Guifso batito dimmo- won jerck.
VOL. VI. x
154 FLYCATCHER.
GENUS XLVI.—FLYCATCHER.
1 Spotted Flycatcher 37 Azure 66 Black-collared 2 Melodious A Var. A Var. 3 Small B Var. | 67 Desert 4 Waved 88 Azure-headed | 68 Maculate 5 Coldfinch 39 Lucknow 69 Cambaian A Var. 40 Blue-crowned | 70 Starry 6 White-fronted 41 Verditer 71 Celestial 7 Cape 42 Blue-headed 72 Cochin A Var. 43 Yellow-throated 73 Crested Senegal 8 White-necked 44 Fan-tailed 74 Bourbon 9 Variegated 45 Long-tailed 75 Mantled 10 White-hooded 46 Society 76 Spectacle 11 Black and white 47 Tufted 77 Dun A Var. 48 Red-vented 78 Red-faced 12 Clicking ~ A Yellow-vented 79 Obscure 13. Pririt 49 Guava 80 Indigo 14 Collared A Var. 81 Banyumas 15 Senegal 50 Yellow-breasted 82 Passerine 16 Black-fronted 51 Green 83 Yellow-fronted 17 White-tailed 52 Nitid 84 Yellow-headed 18 Coromandel A Phodgy 85 Pied 19 Spotted yellow 53 Grey-necked 356 Cuteous 20 Ash-coloured 54 Yellow-necked 7 Nevous 21 African 55 Orange-vented 88 Red-bellied 22 Madagascar 56 Black A Var. 23 Undulated A Var. B Var. 24 Indian 57 Philippine C Var. 25 Rufous-vented 58 Manilla D Var. 26 August 59. Delicate E Var. 27 Flammeous 60 Parti-coloured 89 Scarlet-bellied 28 Crimson-rumped 61 Paradise 90 Sandwich 29 Cinnamon A Cape 91 Dusky 30 Cawnpore B Crested long-tailed Pye | 92 Spotted winged 31 Supercilious C Seban 93 Rusty-throat 32 Javan 62 Mutable 94 Black-crowned 33 White-browed 63 Schet-all 95 Rufous-fronted 34 Broad-tailed A Schet Vouloulou 96 Black-topped 35 Wreathed 64 Nebulous 97 Crimson-bellied
36 Vittated 65 Velvet-headed 98 Black-cheeked
99 Rose-winged 100 Hooded 101 Rose-breasted 102 Southern 103 Grey 104 Yellow-eared 105 Ruft-throated 106 Australasian 107 Red-backed 108 New-Holland 109 Pacific 110 Solitary 111 Rusty-crowned 112 Barred-tailed 113 Murine 114 Olive 115 Striped 116 Cinereous
A Wood-Pewee 117 Lesser crested 118 Black-capped 119 Querulous 120 Red-eyed
A Canada Olive 121 Warbling 122 Chattering 123 Martinico
A White-crowned 124 Golden-throat
125 126 , 197 / 128 | 129 130 | 431 132
133 | 134 i 135 136 137 138 || 139
140 141 142 | 143 144 145 | 146 147 148 149 150 | 151
FLYCATCHER.
Canada Black-headed Rufous and black Ferruginous Cinnamon Yellow-rumped Cayenne
Dwarf
A Var.
Petty
Minute Fork-tailed Swallow-tailed Yiperu
Waved Tyrant Tyrant
A Lesser Tyrant Crested Louisiane Yellow-crowned Orange-crowned Whiskered Round-crested Streaked Hanging Petechial Active
Surinam
Cat
152 Rufous-bellied A Var. 153 Rufous
, 154 Brown
155 Orange-breasted 156 Slaty
157 White-sided 158 Ash-barred
159 Striped
160 Cock-tailed
i 161 Paraguan
162 Mustachoe 163 Full-winged 164 Annumbi
| 165 Peruvian
166 Blue-billed
| 167 Whistling | 168 Brown and white
169 Noted
170 Solitary
171 Little
172 Tufted-naped 173 Yellow-throated 174 Rock
175 Choral
176 Rust-bellied 177 Broad-billed
155
THe general characters of the Flycatcher Genus are—the bill
more or less flattened at the base, and at that part furnished with a
few bristles; at the tip of the upper mandible a slight notch. Toes divided to their origin, for the most part. *
* This character must be dispensed with in some species, which, though true Flycatchers in every other particular, are more or less united at the base, but never so much as in the
Tody Genus.
xX 2
156 FLYCATCHER.
1.—SPOTTED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Grisola, Ind. Orn. ii. 467. Lin. i. 328. Gm. Lin.i. 949. Id. reise, iv. p. 203. Bris. iii. t. 35. £.3. Id. 8vo. i. 257. Rati, 81. Will. 158.171. 7. Td. Engl. 211. Borowsk. iii. 176. Gerin. iv. t.383. Tem. Man.d’Orn. p. 99. Id. Ed. ii. p. 152.
Stoparola Aldrovandi, Rati, 77. A.1. Will. 153.159. Id. Engl. 210. 217. Zinnan. Uov. 45. t.6. fig. 30.
Sylvia fusca, Klein, Stem. 14. t. 16. f.9. a—c.
Curruca subfusea, Frisch, t.22. f. 1. b.
Sylvia pestilentialis, Klein, Av. 79. 12. Id. Ov. 25. t. 10. f. 7. 8.
Der gestreifte Fliegenfanger, Naturf. xvi. 98. 99?
Geebeckter Fliegenfanger, Bechst. Deuts. iii. 421.
Gobe-Mouche, Buf. iv. 517. t.25. 2. Pl. enl. 565, 1.
Cobweb, Morton’s North. 426.
Beam Bird, Collins’s Birds, pl. 12. f.5. male—pl. 10. f.2. female.
Spotted Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 323. <Arct. Zool. Sup. p.64. Br. Zool.i. No. 184. Id. fol. 99. t.P.2. f.4. Id. 1812.1. p.471. Bolton’s Birds, pl. 37. Shaw’s Zool. x. 332. Bewick,i. p.196. Lewin’s Br. Birds, ii. pl.87. Walcot, ii. t. 224. Pult. Cat. Dors. p.11. Orn. Dict. Lim. Trans.i. 126. Id. iv. p. 16.
SIZE of the White Throat; length five inches and a half. Bill dusky, base beset with short bristles; inside of the mouth yellow ; irides hazel; head large, brownish, obscurely spotted with black ; back mouse-colour; wings and tail dusky; quills edged with white ; breast and belly white; throat, and sides under the wings, dashed with red; legs black. Male and female much alike.
This bird comes into England the beginning of May, and departs in September; builds against any part of a tree that will support the nest, often in the hollow, caused by the decay of a large limb; or hole in a wall; frequently on an old post, or beam of a barn, and found in the same place one season after another: the nest is chiefly composed of moss, often with a mixture of wool and feathers; the eggs four or five, pale, and marked with reddish spots; feeds chiefly, if not wholly, on insects, which it collects on the wing; seen sitting ona branch, post, or the like; and when an insect flies past, it springs
FLYCATCHER. 157
after, and having caught it, returns to its place, and this I have observed the bird to do many times together; has the reputation of eating cherries, but the fact does not seem to be well ascertained : be this as it may, this bird is known in Kent by the name of Cherry Sucker, also Bee Bird; and Beam Bird, from its manner of building.* The note is weak, scarcely more than a chirp, but Mr. Bolton, on supposition of its having a warbling note, has entered it among his song birds. It appears, according to Colonel Montagu, to be more generally diffused in England than the Redstart, being met with in several parts of Cornwall, while the last named is rarely seen ; and it is more common, too, in the West of Devonshire.
This species frequents the warmer parts of the European Conti- nent, but rarely more northward than our kingdom; said to come into Sweden in April;+ in the South of Russia is pretty common, and a smaller Variety found beyond Lake Baikal; met with, also, in the wilds of the Province of Ghilan, in Persia, feeding on insects; is common both in France and Italy, but how much farther South is not clear; it comes, however, into Gibraltar, about the middle of April, but often much later, being the last of the summer birds, as it is with us; and is generally accompanied by the Blackcap, Wheat- ear, Stapazino, and Redstart; supposed to retire early, as it never appears there in autumn; is rarely observed about the town, or hill, but chiefly in the enclosed grounds, where shrubs grow.
2.—MELODIOUS FLYCATCHER.
- Muscicapa Aédon, Ind. Orn.ii. 478. Gm. Lin. i. 947. Pail. reise, iii. 695. 11.* Melodious Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. i. 215.
SIZE of the Reed Thrush. Plumage above ferruginous brown, beneath yellowish white ; tail cinereous brown, pretty long, the two middle feathers equal in length; the others much shorter.
* Colonel Montagu adds the name of Chanchider.—Orn. Dict. + Mr. Pennant, Arct. Zool. App. 64. Not mentioned in the Fauna Suecica.
158 FLYCATCHER.
Inhabits the rocky and sunny places in Dauuria, where it is not uncommon ; sings sweetly, and even ‘v the inght, like the Greater Nightingale, to which it is not inferior in melody, and fully supplies the place of that bird, the Nightingale not being found in Siberia.
3.—SMALL FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa parva, Gobe-mouche rougedtre, Tem. Man. d’Orn. p.103. Id. Ed. ii. p. 159. Bechst. Nat. Deuts. iii. p. 442.
LENGTH four inches, five lines. At the base of the bill some very long hairs; the plumage above redd‘sh, inclining to rufous towards the ramp; quills edged, within and without, with rufous; the greater and middle wing coverts marked with a small rufous spot at the ends; round the eyes, and the throat yellowish white; the tail dusky brown; the side feathers white from the base, towards the end brown, shaded with rufous on the outer webs. The female does not differ from the male; the young are more inclined to rufous.
Inhabits the forests of Germany ii the breeding season; feeds on insects; and makes the nest between the forks of trees.
4.—WAVED FLYCATCHER.
L’Ondulé, Levail. Afr. iv. 24. pl. 156. f. 1. 2.
THIS is four inches and a half long. Bill and legs black; plumage in general dusky brown, deeper on the wings and tail, the last rounded, the feathers of it with pale margins; under parts dusky white; across the breast dusky.
The female is smaller, the colours paler, and the breast whiter, as well as the margins of the wing feathers; in both a pale streak between the nostrils and eye; and from the bill to the eye dusky.
FLYCATCHER. 159
Inhabits Africa, in the neighbourhood of the Cape of Good Hope; found in the Hoitniqva Country, especially the Pays de Natal; making the nest, among the bushes, of grass and hair. The noie of the male expresses the wocds Tzirer chrest: the female has no note whatever. At first sight it resembles our Spotted Flycatcher, but it is more than one ine) sxovier. In oar common one she wings reach three-fourths oa the tail, which is somewhat sorked, but in this the tail is rather rounded ai the end.
M. Levaillant observes, that his bird is subject to vary, some having the wings and tail quite white; and the young birds often with the edges of the feathers inclining to rufous ; the brown also tinged with that colour, especially on the rump.
5.—COLDFINCH FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa atricapilla, Ind. Orn. ii. 467. Lin. i. 326. Gm. Lin. i. 935. Kramer, 377. No. 16. Jacq. Vog. 41. t. 39. Borowsk. iii. 176.
Luscinia alis variegatis, K/ein, 75. 12.
Emberiza luctuosa, Scop. Ann. i. No. 215.
Rubetra Anglicana, Bris,*:. 436. Id. 8vo. i. 271.
Die schwarze Fliegenfanger, Naturf. xvii.97. Schmid, Vog. p. 68. t. 55.
Traquet d’Angleterve, Buf. vy. 222.
Muscicapa luctuosa, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. p. 157. Id. Ed. ii. p. 155.
Curruca tergo nigro, Frisch, t. 24.
QEnanthe nostra quarta, Rati, 77, A. 5. Will. 179. Gerin. iv. 381.
Coldfinch, Will. Engl. 256. Edw. pl. 30.
Pied Flycatcher, Gen. Syn.i:. 824. Br. Zool.i. No. 135, Id. 1812. i. p- 473. Arct. Zool. 1. 391. B. Id. Sup. 64. Bolton, Birds, i. pl. 39, 40. Bewick, i. pl. in p- 195. Lewin, Birds, iii. t. 88. Walcot, ii. 225. Donov. i. pl. 22. Orn. Dict. Shaw’s Zool. x. 320. pl. 30.
LENGTH four toches and three quarters. Bill black; irides hazel; plumage merely black and whiie; the upper parts of the body, wings, and tail are black; forehead and under parts white ; there is also a white spot on the wing; two, and sometimes three of
160 FLYCATCHER.
the outer tail feathers are white on the outer webs, almost to the end ;* upper tail coverts black and white mixed ;+ legs black.
The female wants the white on the forehead, and is brown where the male is black ; the under parts are dusky white; the white on the wings less pure.
This is indigenous to England, but a very local species, and no where common ; most so in Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Derbyshire ; Mr. Bolton says, that it visits the West Riding of Yorkshire in April, and departs with the young in September, but not regularly every year; the nest, which he describes, was built on the branch of an almond tree, and well concealed ; the structure was loose, the outside composed of moss, hay, small sticks, roots, &c. and lined with finer roots, hairs, and a few feathers; the eggs in number five, wholly of a pale bright blue; the cock sings in breeding time, not far from the nest, his song like that of the Spotted Flycatcher, but more sprightly, and with more energy: it sometimes approaches towards London, as a young male was shot by Mr. Curtis, Surgeon, near Uxbridge, and now in Mr. Harrison’s Collection: also seen on the walls of the old castle at Winchelsea.t Is known in many parts of the Continent of Europe; comes into Lorraine and Brie, about the middle of April; said to build in the hole of some tree, not very near the ground :§ found as far North as Sondmor, staying there the whole year, and during winter frequently taking refuge in the very houses ;|| seen in Russia, but only between the Kama and Samara; returns to Sweden in April; appears at Gibraltar the middle of that month, but in small numbers, and stays but a little while, being soon
dispersed in the open country, none remaining about the town after the spring season.
* This mark is different in different birds. + In some wholly black.
+ Lin. Trans. iv. p. 5. Col. Montagu observes, that it is not in the more western coun- ties of England, and that it does not inhabit the neighbourhood of Penrhyn, in Cornwall. § Kramer, Arct. Zool. Sup. p. 94. || Act. Nidros. v. 543.
FLYCATCHER. 161
A.—Muscicapa nigra, Bris, ii, 381. Id. 8vo.i. 264. Gen. Syn. iii. 325. A.
This is said to be five inches and a half long, and differs in having a mixture of grey on the upper parts; thighs mixed brown and white, and three of the outer tail feathers white on the margins.
6.—WHITE-FRONTED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa albifrons, Ind. Orn.i. 469. Gm. Lin. i. 948. Mus. Carls.i. t. 24. White-fronted Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. 175. Shaw’s Zool. x. 401.
LENGTH five inches and three quarters. Bill black, slender, a trifle curved at the point, and a few hairs at the base; forehead dusky white ; hindhead, nape, shoulders, wing coverts, and second quills, sooty black; prime quills brown, edged with ferruginous ; fore part of the neck and breast dusky white, the shafts of the feathers brown ; belly pale ferruginous ; tail two inches long, black ; legs black.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope: it seems greatly similar to the Coldfinch, but wants the white on the wings, and the tail feathers are all of one colour.
7.—CAPE FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa torquata, Ind. Orn. ii. 468. Lin. i. 328.—male. Gm. Lin.i. 945. Bris. iii. 379. t.36. 4. Id. 8vo. 1. 263.
Gobe-mouche 4 collier du Cap. de B. Esp. Pl. enl. 572. 2.
Cape Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iil. 326. Shaw’s Zool. ix. 330.
SIZE of the last. Head, throat, back, wings, and tail, black ; sides of the neck white, passing behind in a narrow collar ; breast rufous; belly, thighs, vent, and a large spot in the middle of the
wing white; bill dusky; legs brown. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.
VOL. VI. yy
162 FLYCATCHER.
A.—Muscicapa-capensis, Lin. i. 327. Gm. Lin. i. 945, Bris. 11. 372. t. 36. £3. Id. 8vo.i. 262. Gobe-mouche du Cap. de B. Esp. Pl. enl. 572. 1. Gen. Syn.in. 227. 3. A.
Top of the head and sides black ; throat white, passing almost to the nape on each side; hind part of the neck, back, and rump, brown ; tail and its coverts black ; tips of the tail feathers white, and the outer ones almost wholly so on the outer web; wing coverts brown, across them a rufous bar; quills dusky, edged with rufous grey; on the breast a band of black ; the rest of the under parts white; legs yellowish brown.
Inhabits the Cape with the last; probably differing only in sex.
8.—WHITE-NECKED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa atricapilla, Ind. Orn. ii. p. 468. 2. y.
Gobe-mouche noir 4 Collier, Buf. iv. 520. pl. 25. 1. Pl. enl. 565. £.2.3. Kramer, 377. 16. Jacq. Beytr. 41. t. 19.
Muscicapa albicollis, Tem. Man. p.100. Id. Ed.iu. 153.
Pied Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. ili. p. 325. 2. Var. B.
LENGTH five inches. Plumage in general black above, with a slight mixture of white on the rump; on the quills a large patch of white; all the under parts white, passing round the neck as a collar; the forehead is also white. The female differs from the male much as in the Coldfinch, having only a small] spot of white on the forehead ; general colour of the plumage brown, or ash-colour; the two outer tail feathers edged with white; and the white surrounding the neck Jess apparent, but the under parts in general are white: in the winter the difference between the sexes is less apparent, and the male is fully black only in the breeding season.
Inhabits the warmer parts of Europe; according to M. Buffon, is well known in Lorraine and Brie, where it comes the beginning of April, and builds in the hole of a tree, not far from the ground,
FLYCATCHER. 163
laying six greenish blue eggs, marked with fine brown spots at the larger end: in the Northern parts of France, and in Germany, less frequent, and in the South of Italy very rare; has not been observed in Holland, but said to be found in Russia, between the Rivers Sama and Kamara.*
9.—VARIEGATED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa variegata, Lin.i. 328. Gm. Lin.i. 949. Ind. Orn. ii. 468, 2. 0. Pied Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 326. 2. Var. C.
SIZE of the white Wagtail. Plumage in general brown; front and sides of the head, and all the under parts white; also a line of white from the shoulders to the middle of the back; the outer tail feather white just at the tip.
Inhabits India, seen in various drawings from thence, as well as from China, but in the last the spot on the forehead was very minute ; and in one the tail feathers seemed to be worn on the end.
10.—W HITE-HOODED FLYCATCHER. Gobe-mouches 4 capuchon blauc, Levail. Afr. iv. 33. pl. 159. 1. 2.
SIZE of the Common Flycatcher. Bill brown, a little bristly at the base; eyes red ; plumage black ; head, neck, and as far as the breast white ; under tail coverts white; the feathers. of the head elongated into a crest, which the bird erects at will; tail rounded, a little fringed with white at the end; legs black.
The female is rather less; the white hood greyish, and the crest not so conspicuous; the rest of the plumage black brown, and the wing feathers bordered with grey.
* Mr. Pennant. YY?
164 FLYCATCHER.
Inhabits the inward parts of the Cape of Good Hope, among the rocks of the country of the Houzouanas, but is difficult to obtain ; feeds on insects.
11.—BLACK AND WHITE FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa bicolor, Ind. Orn. ii. 464. Gm. Lin. i. 946. Gobe-mouche a ventre blanc, Bufiiv. 542. Pl. enl. 586. Black and white Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 327. Edw. pl.348.1. Shaw’s Zool. x. 323.
SIZE of the Pied Flycatcher, and much resembling that bird ; length four inches and a half. Bill and irides black ; forehead, sides round the eye, fore part of the neck, ramp, and under parts of the body, white; the rest of the plumage black, except the bastard wing, which is white, and a bar of white on the greater coverts; tail black, all the feathers tipped with white ; legs black.
Inhabits Cayenne.
A.—Gillit de Cayenne, Buf. iv. 542. Pl. enl. 675.1. Gen. Syn. iii. 328. A. Le Dominicain, Voy. d’ Azara, iii. No. 175.
Bill and legs black; hind part of the head, neck, wings, and tail, black, the rest white ; edges of the second quills bordered with white. ‘The female is of an uniformly grey colour.
Inhabits the moist meadows of Guiana, where it is called Gillit, extending to Paraguay. 'Two nests were seen at the end of October, but the colour of the eggs not mentioned.
12.—CLICKING FLYCATCHER. Le Gobe-mouches Molenar, Levail. Afr. iv. 35. pl. 160. 1. 2.
SIZE of a Colemouse. Bill and legs black brown ; irides light orange; general colour of the plumage above rufous brown, with a
FLYCATCHER. 165
tinge of olive ; beneath white ; eye placed in a black streak, which passes behind; throat black, lengthening to the nape half way on each side; across the breast a black streak, taking in the bend of the wing, on the middle of the wing coverts a rufous patch, sides under the wings rufous ; quills and tail black, outwardly fringed with white.
Female smaller, like the male, but the throat and across the breast rufous, instead of black; wings the same; lower belly and thighs rufous; the wings reach one-third at least on the tail.
Inhabits the environs of the Cape of Good Hope; the male and female always seen together among the bushes, rarely in the woods ; many about the River Duywenhoe, from thence to the Hottniqua Country; at which latter place, however, they are rarely or never seen; the eggs are said to be white, and six in each nest; the bird feeds on insects, and at first sight appears not unlike a White Throat ; the note like two stones clicked together.*
13.—PRIRIT FLYCATCHER.
Gobe-mouches Pririt, Levail. Afr. iv. 38. pl. 161. 1. 2.
SIZE of the last, and the male black and white. Bill and legs horn-colour, at the base of the former several hairs; eyes pale yellow ; the chin and neck before white, passing behind; top of the head blue-grey; across the breast a black band, but the rest of the parts beneath white; wing coverts black; the rest of the wing patched and mixed with white; quills and tail black, the last rounded, the feathers margined with white.
The female is smaller: throat and breast pale rufous, passing back to the neck, as the white does in the male; through the eye the same kind of broad black streak, and the top of the head is grey; plumage on the upper parts of the body pale rufous, with a blackish
* The Stone-Chat has a similar note.
166 FLYCATCHER.
tinge; rump streaked white and black; quills brown, edged with white; tail as in the male. It is not unlike our Stone-Chat, and might be placed as a Warbler, were it not for the bristles at the base of the bill.
This is common on the West Coast of Africa; male and female always together; the note like the words Pririt pririt; is a wild bird, and difficult to procure: common on the borders of the Riviere des Poissons, and in all the Caftre Land, especially in the Mimosa Woods, bordering on the great river.
14.—COLLARED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa collaris, Ind. Orn. ii. 471.
melanoptera, Gm. Lin. i. 939.
Senegalensis torquata, Bris. ii. 370. t. 36. 1. Id. Svo.i. 261. Gobe-mouche 4 gorge brune de Senegal, Buf. iv. 533.
— —— rousse, Pl. enl. 567. 3.
Collared Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 330. Shaw’s Zool. x. 374.
LENGTH four inches and three quarters. Bill black, broad at the base, and depressed at the tip; a trifle curved, with a few hairs at the base; head, and all above to the rump, deep ash-colour; threat and neck before brownish chestnut, bounded below with a transverse black line ; breast and under parts white; thighs dusky and white mixed ; wings black; across the coverts a white band ; quills black, edged with grey ; tail black, all but the two middle feathers tipped with white, the outer one white on the outer web ; legs ash-colour, claws black.
Inhabits Senegal._-A specimen shewn to me by Mr. Walcot was larger than the above, and a full inch longer, it answered to the general description ; but in some lights the tail feathers appeared to be transversely undulated.
FLYCATCHER. 167
15.—SENEGAL FLYCATCHER. MALE.
Muscicapa Senegalensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 470. Lin. i. 327. Gm. Lin.i. 938. Bris. ii. 374. t.37. 2. Id. Svo.i. 262.
Gobe-mouche a bandeau blanc du Senegal, Buf. iv. 528. Pl. enl. 567. 1.
Senegal Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 328. Shaw's Zool. x. 333.
z
LENGTH four inches and three quarters. The bill flat, broad, black, with a few hairs, of about half the length, at the base; crown of the head and sides dusky black; from the nostril a ferruginous streak, passing over the eye to the hindhead, which is of the same colour; chin and throat white ; across the breast a bar of ferruginous ; from thence to the vent white; back and wings dusky brown, across the latter an oblique pale ferruginous bar ; quills dusky, fringed with ferruginous; lower part of the back, and rump mixed with white ; upper tail coverts black ; tail near two inches long, even, black, the outer feather wholly white on the outer web, and for three-fourths from the base on the inner; the next white on the outer, and black on the inner, the whole of the length; legs black.
FEMALE.
Muscicapa Senegalensis, Lin. i. 327. 15. B.
pectore nigro, Bris. 11. 376. t.37. 8. Id. 8vo. i. 263. Gobe-mouche a poitrine noire, Pl. enl. 567. 2. Gen. Syn. iii. 329. 5, A.
|
The one here quoted is supposed to be the female, and differs from the other in some particulars. The head is black, with a white streak over the eyes to the hindhead, instead of a ferruginous one ; back and the wings much the same, but instead of a ferruginous bar across the breast, there is a similar one of black, and the bar across the wings is white; tail the same in both.
Inhabits Senegal.—In the Collection of Lord Stanley.
168 FLYCATCHER.
16.—BLACK-FRONTED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa nigrifrons, Ind. Orn.ii. 471. Gm. Lin. i. 939. Black-fronted Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. ii. 331. Shaw’s Zool. x. 407.
SIZE of the Coldfinch; length four inches and a half. Bill dusky ; front and sides of the head black, ending in a point behind the eye; the rest of the upper parts brown ; chin and throat yellow; belly olive-brown ; tail the same, except the second middle feathers which are plain brown ; legs black.
17.—WHITE-TAILED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa leucura, Ind. Orn. ii. 471. Gm. Lin. i. 939. White-tailed Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. i. 331. Shaw’s Zool. x. 376.
LENGTH four inches and a half. Bill black, with a few hairs at the base; plumage above olive-brown, in some cinereous grey, beneath white, inclining to brown on the breast; the two middle tail feathers black, the others black and white obliquely ; the outer one nearly all white; legs black.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, and various parts of India; common about Calcutta, and also at Bengal; there called Chutki, or Tirki.—Dr. Buchanan.
18.—COROMANDEL FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Ponticeriana, Ind. Orn. ii. 471. Gm. Lin. i. 939. Gobe-mouche de Pondichery, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 198. Coromandel Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iil. 331. Shaw’s Zool. x. 375.
A LITTLE bigger than a Sparrow. Bill black; the head deep cinereous grey; over the eye a white streak, reaching. almost to the hindhead; neck behind, back, wings, and tail like the head; wing
FLYCATCHER. 169
coverts tipped with a triangular white spot; tail grey half way from the base, from thence white, but the two middle feathers are wholly grey; neck before, breast, and belly white; legs black.
Inhabits the Coast of Coromandel, and called the Indian Night- ingale, for its song is said to be very agreeable.
19.—SPOTTED YELLOW FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa afra, Ind. Orn. ii. 472. Gm. Lin. i. 940. Spotted yellow Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iil. 332. Shaw’s Zool. x. 355.
LENGTH eight inches. Bill broadish at the base, and slightly curved at the tip; gape bristly; crown of the head rufous, streaked . with black ; wings and tail rufous, the first edged with dusky brown ; quills dusky brown; body dirty pale yellow, with irregular dusky spots on the upper parts of the head and neck; on the sides of the latter two or three dusky blotches, and from the corners of the mouth a streak of the same; under parts marked with irregular transverse spots, and the thighs lengthwise; legs dusky ash-colour.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.
20.—ASH-COLOURED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa cana, Ind. Orn. ii. 472. Gm. Lin.i. 940.
- Madagascariensis cinerea major, Bris. ii. 389. t.37. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 366. Le Kinki-manou, Buf. iv. 584.
Grand Gobe-mouche cendré de Madagascar, Pl. enl. 541.
Echenilleur, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. 1xii.
Ash-coloured Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 332. Shaw’s Zool. x. 398.
SIZE of the Cinereous Shrike; length eight inches and a half; Bill black, with black hairs at the base; head, nape, and throat blackish ash-colour ; the rest of the neck, and upper parts fine,ash- colour; from the breast to the vent the same, but paler 5. yemt;white 5
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170 FLYCATCHER.
quills dusky, with cinereous edges; tail black ; the two outer feathers pale ash-colour at the tips, and the two middic ones wheliy so, with blackish ends.
Inhabits Madagascar, known there by the name of Minisi-manou. In the Pl. enlum. the tail seems cuneiform, at least the outer feather is much shorter than the rest. We have followed the sentiments of preceding authors, having only seen drawings of the bird, but must remark, that it appears to have much of the habit of a Chatterer.
21.—AFRICAN FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa ochracea, Ind. Orn. i. 472. Gm. Lin.i. 947. Mus. Carls. Fasc.i. t. 22. African Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup.175. Shaw’s Zool. x. 405.
LENGTH eight inches and a half. Bill pale; head and back brownish; the neck and breast ferrugmous ash-colour, the feathers narrow, and sharp at the ends; region of the ears covered with a tuft of longish narrow feathers; belly the colour of rusty oker; the quills, wing coverts, and tail, black at the tips, and inner sides, the outer white; tail the length of the body; legs black.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; it seems somewhat to resemble the last species, but differs materially in the shape of the tail, and the feathers of it are equal in length.
22._M ADAGASCAR FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Madagascariensis, Ind. Orn. 1i. 472. Gm. Lin. i. 940. Ficedula Madagascariensis major, Bris. ii. 482. t. 24. f,5. Id. 8vo.i. 442. Le Vira-ombé de Madagascar, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 198. Madagascar Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. ii. 333. Shaw’s Zool. x. 371.
‘SIZE of a Lark; length seven inches and a half. Bill one inch lotig’, the’upper mandible bent at the tip, colour brown; the general
FLYCATCHER. 171
colour of the plumage olive green, paler beneath; throat yellow; on the fore part of the neck and breast a yellowish tinge; legs grey. Inhabits Madagascar, where it is called Tictic.
23.—_UNDULATED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa undulata, Ind. Orn. ii. 472. Gm. Lin.i. 940. Gobe-mouche de |’Isle de France, Buf. iv. 527. Undulated Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 333. Shaw's Zool, x. 324.
LESS than the Coldfinch, and shorter in the body. The head blackish brown ; wings rufous brown; the rest of the plumage com- posed of an irregular mixture of whitish and brown, in shape of waves, or small spots.
One, supposed to be the female, has a greater portion of white, with a mixture of pale rufous, on the breast and belly ; the brown on the various parts of the body inclined to grey, but the colours disposed as in the former.
Inhabits the Isle of France.
24.—INDIAN FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Tectec, Ind. Orn.ii. 473. Gm. Lin.i. 941. -— borbonica, Bris. ii. 360. t. 39. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 258. Indian Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 334. Shaw’s Zool. x. 397.
LENGTH four inches and three quarters. Bill brown; head and hind part of the neck, brown, marked here and there with small rufous specks, especially on the margins; back, ramp, and wings, much the same; throat and fore part of the neck dirty white ; from
the breast to the vent pale rufous; quills and tail brown ; the first Z2
ibe FLYCATCHER.
edged and tipped with rufous; the last only edged with the same; legs brown.
The female is dirty white, in those parts which are rufous in the male.—Found at the Isle of Bourbon; where it is called Tectec.
25.—RUFOUS-VENTED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa rufiventris, Ind. Orn. ii. 473. Gm. Lin. i. 941. Gobe-mouche de Il’ Isle de Bourbon, Pl. enl. 572, 3. Rufous-vented Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 334. Shaw’s Zool. x. 367.
LENGTH four inches and three quarters. Colour wholly black, except the vent and under tail coverts, which are rufous; legs pale red.—Said to inhabit the Isle of Bourbon.
A.—Head, neck, back, upper belly, and thighs, black; upper and under wing coverts, sides under the wings, and base half of the side tail feathers, rufous orange; quills dusky ; the two middle {tail feathers black, the others black from the middle to the end; rump and vent nearly white, the feathers of the latter margined with dusky ; bill and legs dusky.
Inhabits India, chiefly those parts within the Bay of Bengal, and is, not unlikely, the female of the Rufous-vented.—Sir J. An- struther.
26.—AUGUST FLYCATCHER.
LENGTH eight inches. Bill half an inch, pale grey; head, chin, throat, and all behind to the beginning of the back black, with a blue gloss, the rest of the body fine orange red ; wings blue black,
FLYCATCHER. 173
regularly marked in the middle with orange red, and a patch or two of the same on the second quills; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers blue black to the ends, the others more or less half way from the base the same, the end half orange red; legs dusky.
The female is pale brown, or ash-colour above; over the eye yellow ; all the under parts from the chin yellow; wings and tail marked in the same manner as the male, but the colours different ; for the plumage is pale ash and yellow, where the male is black and orange.
Inhabits India.—Gen. Hardwicke. On examining one in the collection of Gen. Davies, { find the six middle tail feathers all of one length, or three inches and a half; the next two inches and three quarters; the adjoining two inches and a quarter; the exterior only one inch and a half; the two middle black; the others black at the base, and the rest of the length obliquely orange; rump orange; thighs and legs black ; the wings, when closed, reach to the middle of the tail. The bill is not depressed as in the Flam- meous Species, but somewhat approaching to that of the Shrike. This was said to have come from Ceylon.
One, in General Hardwicke’s collection, had the colours black and deep scarlet: the female brown and yellow, as above mentioned. The name given to it was Sat-Sukhey-ka-peea.
27.—FLAMMEOUS FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa flammea, Ind. Orn.ii. 474. Gm. Lin. i. 935. Zool. Ind. p. 25 t. 15. Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 146.
L’Oranor, Levail. Afr. iv. 17. pl. 155. 2.
Flammeous Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 338. Id. Sup. 171. Ind. Zool. 4to. 43. pl. 9. Male and Female. Shaw’s Zool. x. 372.
LENGTH six inches. Bill black, with a slight notch near the tip; head, neck, and upper parts, black; back, across the wings,
174 FLYCATCHER.
rump, and upper tail coverts, fine glowing orange; breast and belly orange; vent yellowish white; thighs black ; tail very cuneiform, the two middle feathers three inches Jong, the outer one inch and a half, colour black, the ends of all but the four middle ones more or less orange-coloured ; legs black.
The female has the upper part of the head, the neck, and back, ash-coloured ; about the cheeks and throat dusky; breast orange ; belly white ; band across the wings yellow ; rump and upper tail coverts the same; tail as in the male.
Inhabits Ceylon, and other parts of India; also in Java, and called there Uwis; by some Semuttan.—In the collection of Capt. Paterson, is a most perfect and fine specimen, with the orange parts so deep coloured, as to be nearly red.
28.—CRIMSON-RUMPED FLYCATCHER.
Parus peregrinus, Ind. Orn. ii. 564. Lin. i. 342. Gm. Lin.i. 564,. Mus. Carls. ii. t. 48. 49.
Parus coccineus, Gm. Lin.i. 1015.
- Malabaricus, Ind. Orn. ii. 564. Gm. Lin. i. 1012.
La Mesange de la Céte de Malabar, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 204. t. 114, 1.
Malabar Titmouse, Gen. Syn. iv. 555. Shaw’s Zool. x. p. 49.
Crimson-rumped Titmouse, Gen. Syn. iv. 539. Id. Sup. ii. 255.
BILL black; head neck, and back, ash-colour; the base of the bill, with the chin, blackish ; fore part of the neck and breast orange, growing white towards the vent; rump orange; wings black, crossed with a bar of orange; under part of the wings pale brimstone; tail moderately long, hollowed a little at the end, the two middle feathers black, the others half way from the end orange; legs black.
In the female the upper parts are pale ash-colour, beneath dusky white ; vent yellowish ; wings and tail as in the male, but the bar on the wings is yellow; and the rump, and outer tail feathers, paler orange.
FLYCATCHER. 175
It must be observed, that in Sonnerat’s bird the tail seems at least rounded at the end, if not strictly cuneiform hence it is possible that some mistake may have occurred by the draughtsman, im respect to that part in the Carlsonian Museum, as it there appears forked. In short, it seems so like the Flammeous Flycatcher in some of its changes, that it is with difficulty we have kept the two separate.
Both this and the last are found in various parts of the Cape of Good Hope and India, as also China; for I have observed many drawings from both the latter places ; one name given to it in India is Sukeesa lehen ; is observed to vary much, the rump in some mixed grey and pale red ; lower part of the neck orange red ; breast and belly pale oker yeilow; thighs and vent white ; patch on the wings rufous yellow. This called at Ajineabed, Suda Sohagee.
In Lord Valentia’s drawings is one, answering to the Malabar Titmouse, with a longish, brown, rounded tail, having a ferruginous tinge near the end, quite to the tip. The» name given to this in Oude, is Sukkhy. A bird, apparently a female, and scarcely five inches long, flew on board a ship, between the coast of Africa and the Island of Madeira, perhaps a young one, as no mention was made of red on the rump.
29.—CINNAMON FLYCATCHER.
Motacilla cinnamomea, Lin.i. 335. Gm. Lin.i. 985. Muscicapa flammea, Ind. Orn. ii. 474. 23. 6. Cinnamon Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 447. Shaw’s Zool. x. 410.
THIS is said by Linnzus to be like the Red-tailed Warbler; the upper parts of the body hoary ; throat black ; breast, bell y, and rump, crimson ; quills black; the four first red at the base, forming in one sex a spot on that part; tail black, the four middle feathers obliquely rufous on the sides.
176 FLYCATCHER.
Inhabits Ceylon.—The above is Linnzeus’s description, and although it does not precisely coincide with the Flammeous Species, it is not improbably a Variety of it.
Among the drawings of General Hardwicke is a nest and eggs, said to be of the Cinnamon Flycatcher; the nest seems composed chiefly of whitish lichen, with a round opening at top, lined and surrounded with pale reddish hairs ; it is attached to the fork of a branch, tapers conically downwards to half an inch, and is, from top to bottom, about four inches: the eggs four in number, pale reddish white, thickly marked with small red specks at the large end, and very sparingly elsewhere; the nest flat, and quite open at top; eggs three quarters of an inch long.
30.—CAWNPORE FLYCATCHER.—PL. xcvu1.*
LENGTH five inchesand a half. Bill broad at the base, with a few short hairs, and black; head, neck behind, upper parts of the back, and wings, for the greatest part, black ; lower part of the back, and breast orange red, the rest of the under parts white; down the middle of the wing a streak of white; the second coverts have the outer webs white, the inner black; tail very cuneiform, the two middle feathers two inches and three quarters long, the outer one inch and three quarters; all but the two middle more or less white half way to the ends, the exterior wholly white; legs slender, black.
Inhabits India, found at Cawnpore in July, there called Sokeea Soleil.—Gen. Hardwicke.
31.—SUPERCILIOUS FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa superciliosa, Ind. Orn. ii. 447. Gm. Lin. i. 944. Supercilious Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 341. Shaw’s Zool. x. 386.
LENGTH four inches and a half. Bill black ; upper parts of the body cinereous; before the eye black, passing above it in a slender
P). XC VOL.”
FLYCATCHER. 177
line ; under parts of the body pale reddish white ; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers black, the next white at the tip, the others all white; legs brown.
Native place uncertain.
32.—_JAVAN FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Javanica, Ind. Orn. ii. 490. Mus. Carls. iii. t. 75. Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 146. 313. Javan Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup.ii. 218. Shaw’s Zool. x. 400.
SIZE of the Spotted Species; length six inches. Bill and legs black; upper parts of the body dusky, margins of the feathers ferruginous; under parts white; on the neck before a dusky bar; over the eye a white streak; tail pretty long, cuneiform, the four middle feathers black, the others black, with the ends white.
Inhabits Java, called Sikattan, also Moorai Kandang.
33.—W HITE-BROWED FLYCATCHER.
SIZE of the Common Wagtail; length six inches and a half. Bill black, with several hairs at the base; forehead to the middle of the crown white; descending on each side, in a broad patch, over the eye to the nape; but down the middle of the crown and the nape black; from the gape, through the eyes, a broad band of black, increasing in breadth, and curving downwards; chin and under parts wholly white; back, rump, and wings, pale ash-colour, the last spotted with white, the rest of the wing black; tail rounded at the end, three inches and a half long, the outer feather shorter by half an inch; colour black, but the three outer feathers are white at the ends, most so on the exterior, where it is white for above half the length; legs long and black.
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178 FLYCATCHER.
Inhabits India.—From the collection of Gen. Hardwicke. The nest composed of fibres and hairs, lined with others darker, is about two inches and a half in diameter at top, and two inches deep, placed on the fork of a branch, but only attached at the bottom : the eggs of the size of those of our Flycatcher, greyish white, with a zone of dusky spots round the middle, and others scattered above and below.
34.—BROAD-TAILED FLYCATCHER.
LENGTH seven inches and a half. The bill black, soft, much depressed at the base; the upper mandible carinated, and slightly curved at the point, near which it has a notch; nostrils oval, pervious; tongue lacerated at the point; base of the bill surrounded with many strong bristles, turned forwards, almost as long as the bill; the feathers of the frontlet erect; irides dark brown ; plumage black, in- clining to ash-colour on the body, and to dusky beneath on the quills and tail; above each eye a whitish line, and another running from the throat, beneath each ear; tail rounded, the two middle feathers four inches long; the outer ones much shorter, colour black ; the four outer tipped with white; legs dirty purple, the middle and outer toe united at the base, as far as the first jomt; hind claw the strongest. One of the sexes has the upper wing coverts margined with brown, and the plumage nearly black.
Inhabits India, found about Calcutta, but is not common; feeds on insects, always seen in pairs; called by the Bengalese and Mus- sulmans, Chakdyal ; and in the Persic, Chuk-da-heel, for it is consi- dered, though falsely, of the same Genus with the Dyal Grakle; it is called Chak, or Wheel Dyal, from its turning frequently round, hanging its wings, and spreading the tail in the manner of the Fan-tailed Species.—Dr. Buchanan.
FLYCATCHER. 179
In the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther are two Varieties: in one, the head, neck, wings, and tail, are black; beginning of the back brown; all beneath white; over the eye a white streak, across the chin another; tail cuneiform, the feathers wholly black ; bill dusky ; legs pale cinereous blue.
The other five inches and a half long. Plumage above brown black, beneath white; over the eye a broad white streak; the chin ash-colour; wing coverts spotted with white; tail two inches and three quarters long, the six middle feathers black; the exterior wholly white; the two next white at the ends; bill and legs as in the others: the name given to it Teeloet.
35.—WREATHED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Sinensis, Ind. Orn, ii. 475. Gm. Lin. i. 942. Le gobe-mouche verdatre de la Chine, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 107. Wreathed Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 336. Shaw's Zool. x. 344.
BIGGER than a House Sparrow. Bill black; inides red; head black; over the eye a white streak, from the bill to the hindhead, making a sort of wreath; neck behind, back, ramp, wing coverts, and tail greenish grey; quills yellowish green; throat white; neck before, and breast greyish; belly and vent pale yellow; legs black.
Inhabits China.
36.—VITTATED FLYCATCHER.
LENGTH seven inches. Bill dusky, rather bent at the point; plumage above pale ash-colour, beneath dusky white; over the eye, from the nostrils, a broad, dusky white streak, reaching almost to the hindhead ; on the wing coverts two series of white spots, arising from the second and third coverts being so tipped; quills and tail
AA?
180 FLYCATCHER.
rather darker than the upper parts; the latter three inches and three quarters long, much rounded, or slightly cuneiform ; the wing reaches about a quarter of the length ; legs pale ash.
Inhabits India.—From the drawings of Sir John Anstruther. It seems somewhat allied to the last.
37.—AZURE FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa cerulea, Ind. Orn.ii. 476. Gm. Lin. i. 943. Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 312. Le petit Azur, Buf. iv. 524.
L’ Azur a calotte et 8 Collier noir, Levail. Afr. iv. 11. pl. 153, 1. 2. Gobe-mouche bleu des Philippines, PJ. enl- 666. 1.—female.
Azure Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 339. Shaw’s Zool. x. 383.
LENGTH near six inches. Bill black, at the base a few short hairs; plumage in general glossy azure blue; belly, thighs, and vent, white; at the hindhead, and on the breast, a spot of black ; quills and tail blue black, the first edged with blue grey ; the last rounded at the end, the feathers rather pointed; legs pale reddish brown.
Inhabits the Philippine Islands.—In Levaillant’s bird the black on the breast is in the shape of a crescent.
The female is smaller, the colours paler, and more uniform ; no gloss on the top of the head, nor black crescent on the breast; but the belly and vent are white as in the male; legs slender, black: in both the tail is much rounded. That in the Pl. end. is the female.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. Both sexes usually found together, in the great woods on the coast of Natal, or Caffre country; seen on the tops of great trees, catching flies; makes a nest of dried fibres, and moss without; eggs rufous grey, and five in number.
A.—Length five inches: and: a half. Bill black, base hairy ; plumage fine blue; belly and vent white; across the back part of
FLYCATCHER. 181
the head a broad black patch; forehead black; on the throat a narrow black crescent.
Found in the neighbourhood of Calcutta, called in the Persic, Bauns Putta.—One, in the drawings of Gen. Hardwicke, had a black patch on the nape, another about the nostrils, and a slender crescent on the breast.
B.—Azure Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. 172.
The general colour of this bird is deep Indigo blue; belly white; the bill very hooked at the point, with long hairs, sprmging from the base, some of them even reaching beyond the tip; irides yellow, surrounded with black; top of the head mottled with black ; on the lower part of the neck a narrow black crescent.
This is not uncommon about Calcutta, and other parts of India; found also in Java.
38.—AZURE-HEADED FLYCATCHER.
LENGTH six inches. Bill black, with long hairs at the base ; head fine blue; the rest of the plumage in general cinereous brown, or mouse-colour ; belly and vent dusky white; tail longish, a trifle rounded at the end, the outer feather white at the tip, on the outer web.
Inhabits India, called Chutta Hineea.—Sir J. Anstruther.
In some drawings, done in India, is another, with the head and neck pale bluish ash-colour, the rest mostly pale brown ; under parts white; tail longish, cuneiform; bill bluish, with hairs at the base; legs bluish.
Inhabits India ; known by the name of Doomchurky.
182 FLYCATCHER.
39.—LUCKNOW FLYCATCHER.
LENGTH four inches. Bill black, a few hairs at the base; head, neck, back, and rump fine blue ; paler on the crown, deeper through the eyes, and nearly black ; just over the eye a white streak, passing downwards ; chin, middle of the neck, and breast, belly, and vent, white ; tail short, even, more than one of the outer feathers white some way from the base; legs dusky.
One, called the female, is pale brown above; on the ears a pale spot, inclining to rufous; beneath to the breast dusky white; the rest pure white. Found about Lucknow, in India, in March.-—Gen. Hardwicke.
40.—BLUE-CROWNED FLYCATCHER.
LENGTH five inches and a half. The bill broad at the base, depressed, with a few weak hairs, colour pale brown ; crown of the head, above the eye, fine deep blue; from the nostrils, sides of the head, including the eyes, all round the neck, and breast full black ; from thence all the under parts are white; back, wings, and tail deep blue; tail feathers white for one quarter next the base, but the two middle ones are wholly deep blue; shape even at the end, length two inches and a half; the quills reach three-fourths on the tail ; legs dark.—In the Collection of Lord Stanley. In some specimens, the under parts, from the chin to the breast, have a blue gloss.
41.—VERDITER FLYCATCHER.
LENGTH six inches. Bill black, furnished with a few hairs at the base; whole plumage fine verditer blue; tail two inches and a half long, rather hollowed out in the middle; legs dusky blue.
FLYCATCHER. 183
Inhabits India: in some drawings I observe a similar one, eight inches and a half long. Bill and legs black; plumage in general very pale greenish blue, as in the male Bishop Tanager, paler beneath ; from the base of the bill, round the eye, dusky; quills dusky within; tail even, the wings reach on it one-third.
42.—BLUE-HEADED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa cyanocephala, Ind. Orn. ii. 477. Gm. Lin. i. 943. Gobe-mouche a téte bleuatre de Lugon, Son. Voy. 57. t.26. 1. Blue-headed Flycatcher, Gen. Syn.iii. 339. Shaw’s Zool. x. 403.
SIZE of a Linnet. Bill brown; head deep blue, nearly black ; throat, back, wing coverts, and tail, for almost the whole length, deep red; tips of the feathers of the last black, in shape forked ; breast, belly, and vent pale brown ; legs brown.
Inhabits the Island of Manilla.
43 —YELLOW-THROATED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Manillensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 477. Gm. Lin. i. 943. Gobe-mouche a gorge jaune de Lucon, Son. Voy. 57. t. 26. Yellow-throated Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 340. Shaw's Zool. x. 369.
LARGER than the last. Bill brown; top and sides of the head black; hindhead grey, below this black ; on the cheeks two bands of white, beginning at the gape; the one rising in a band above the eye, and beyond it the other, passing beneath, and shorter; the throat yellow; breast reddish; middle of the belly yellow; sides of it and vent white; upper parts of the bird grey; middle of the back chestnut, extending itself over the wings, which are crossed with a white stripe; quills black, edged with brown; tail nearly even, or very little rounded ; the two middle feathers black, the others white, towards the base dusky ; legs brown.
Inhabits the Island of Manilla.
184 FLYCATCHER.
44.—FAN-TAILED FLYCATCHER.— PL. xcrx.
Muscicapa flabellifera, Ind. Orn. ii. 477. Gm. Lin. i. 943. Moucherolle, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. 1xvii. Fan-tailed Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 340. 33. t. 49. Shaw’s Zool. x. p. 340. pl. 31.
SIZE of the Bearded Titmouse; length six inches and a half. Bill black, a little bent, and furnished with bristles at the base; irides hazel; the whole head, taking im the eyes, black; this descends on the back part lower than the nape, from whence it passes forwards in a narrow collar to the throat; the chin, throat, and sides of the neck, except where this collar passes, are white ; and over the eye a white streak like an eyebrow ; the upper parts of the body are olive-brown, the quills darkest, and some of the wing coverts tipped with white; the under parts yellowish rust-colour, growing whitish towards the vent; the tail very long, and cuneiform in shape; the two middle flies black, the others white ; legs dusky.
Inhabits the southern Isle of New Zealand.—Dr. Forster informed me, that it is exceedingly familiar, constantly hunting after insects and flies, always with the tail spread like a fan; is easily tamed, and will then sit on a person’s shoulder, and pick off the flies. It has a chirping note, not to be called a song; and is called by the natives Diggo-wagh-wagh.
It is subject to Variety. One from the Island of Tanna, was darker in colour; the two middle tail feathers sooty-black, with white shafts; the inner margims and tips whitish; the others with the inner webs deep black, the shafts paler black, the outer webs almost grey—A second Variety, in the collection of Sir Joseph Banks, had only the outer tail feathers white, the others white, with dusky margins. This was seven inches in length, and brought from
Dusky Bay.
PI. XCIX.
FLYCATCHER. 185
45.—LONG-TAILED FLYCATCHER.
LENGTH twelve inches. Bill black ; head crested and black ; on each side of the jaw a white streak ; upper part of the body deep olive; breast and belly black brown ; middle of the breast white ; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers six inches long, the exterior three inches and a half; the three outer ones on each side white at the ends; legs brown.
Inhabits New South Wales.—In the collection of Mr, H. Brogden.
46.—SOCIETY FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa nigra, Ind. Orn. ii. 474. Gm. Lin. i. 947. Mus. Carls.i. t. 23. Society Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. 174. Shaw’s Zool. x. pl. 327.
LENGTH six inches. Bill one inch, stout at the base, and a trifle curved at the point, base bristly; plumage in general black, but the bill, head, space between the shoulders, and legs, are of a much deeper colour than the rest; the wings reach one-third on the tail_—Inhabits Otaheite, and the Islands contiguous.
Among the papers of Sir Joseph Banks, recorded by Mr. Anderson, I find one, which has the appearance of a Variety. The bill is lead-coloured, and the back, and wing coverts, incline to brown ; otherwise it is black; likewise a second, supposed to bea female, the whole of the plumage of which is uniformly black.
47.—TUFTED FLYCATCHER. Muscicapa comata, Ind. Orn. ii. 474. Gm. Lin. i. 941. Tufted Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 334. Shaw’s Zool. x. 331. BILL black, and crooked at the point ; head crested; that, the cheeks, and chin, black; hind part of the neck, back, wings, and
VOL. VI. Bes
186 FLYCATCHER.
tail, the same; the two middle feathers of the last tipped with white ; rump, sides of the neck, breast, and belly, white; vent yellow; legs bluish.—Inhabits Ceylon.
48.—RED-VENTED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa hemorrhousa, Ind. Orn. ii. 475. Gm. Lin.i. 941.
Turdus hemorrhous, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 147.
Red-vented Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 335. Brown, Zll.'78. pl. 31. Shaw's Zool. x. 334,
LENGTH. four inches and a half. Bill bluish; head black, and slightly crested ; the neck and upper parts of the body clouded brown ; breast and belly white ; vent red ; tail black; legs dusky.
Inhabits the Island of Ceylon.
A.—Yellow-vented Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 335. Brown, Iil..76. pl. 31.
Size of the last. Bill black; forehead and crown black, and crested ; sides of the neck, breast, and belly, white; vent yellow ; tail long, dusky, crossed, near the end, with a bar of white; legs dusky.
Inhabits the Island of Java. Probably differs from the last in sex: itis six inches and a half in length, and the name given to it, by the Javanese, is Ketilan.
49.—GUAVA FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Psidii, Ind. Orn. ii. 475. Gm. Lin. i. 941. Petit Goiavier de Manille, Son. Voy. 59. t. 28. Guava Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 335. Shaw’s Zool. x. 335.
RATHER less than a Sparrow. Bill black ; irides pale yellow; crown of the head black ; over the eyes a line of white, extending almost to the hindhead; from the base of the lower jaw to the eye
FLYCATCHER. 187
another of black ; the upper parts of the body are dull brown, like umber; quills and tail deeper; the under parts white; vent pale yellow; legs black.
Inhabits Manilla; common about habitations ; observed frequently to perch on the Guaya, of the fruit of which, the natives suppose it to be fond ; but it is more probable, that its search is after the insects which frequent the trees, than the fruit itself.
A.—Length four inches and a half. Bill and Jegs pale lead- colour; head black, with two yellowish stripes ; one above the eye, the other, broader, beneath; plumage above brownish yellow; the whole of the wings, and under parts from the chin to vent, dull yellow; tail brownish ash, rather hollowed out at the end, but not
forked. Inhabits the coast of Coromandel,—Sir J. Anstruther.
50.—YELLOW-BREASTED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa melanictera, Ind. Orn. ii. 475. Gm. Lin.i. 941. Yellow-breasted Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii, 336. Brown, Ill. 80. pl. 82. Shaw’s Zool.
x. 364,
LENGTH four inches and three quarters. Bill slender, dusky ; head to middle of the crown, all before the eyes, chin, throat, and sides of the last black; the rest of the plumage above brown, the feathers margined with rufous yellow; greater quills dusky; under parts of the body pale yellow, the feathers mixed, or fringed with white; tail dusky, rather hollowed out at the end, and brown, the feathers with pale, or yellowish margins ; the exterior white on the outer web; legs black.
Inhabits Ceylon, and there called Malkala-kourla; is much admired for its song, and is often kept in cages for that purpose ;
also found at Hindustan, and other parts of India. Bp2
188 FLYCATCHER.
51.—GREEN FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa nitens, Ind. Orn. ii. 475. Gm. Lin. i. 942. Green Flycatcher, Gen. Syn.iii. 336. Shaw’s Zool. x. 409.
SIZE of a large Humming-Bird. Bill slender, rather long ; head, back, and wing-coverts variable green and gold; tail long, dusky, with the outer webs green ; wings dusky; throat and breast fox-colour; rump and belly yellow.
52.—NITID FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa nitida, Ind. Orn. ii. 489. Nitid Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup.173. Shaw's Zool. x. 388.
SIZE small. Bill black, beneath yellow; tongue lacerated ; plumage pale green; wing-coverts edged with white; quills and tail dusky, the feathers edged with yellow; over the eye a conspicuous line of white; legs brown.
The female is much the same, but the white over the eye not very plain.—Inhabits China and India. At Bengal it is called Zerd Futki, or Phodgy.
A.—Length four inches and a half. Bill, as in the other, some- what triangular at the base, and a trifle curved at the point; irides dusky ; head, neck, and upper part of the breast, cinereous, darker en the crown; back and wings green, inclining to yellow on the rump; belly and vent pale yellow, tinged with green on the breast; - quills blackish, with yellow edges; tail nearly even, or a trifle hollowed at the end; legs dull flesh-colour.
Inhabits India, found at Bengal with the other, and is also called Zurd Footkee ; seen at Calcutta, in dry seasons.—Dr. Buchanan.
FLYCATCHER. 189
53.—GREY-NECKED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa grisea, Ind. Orn, ii. 476. Gm. Lin. i, 942.
Grey-necked Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 337. Shaw’s Zool. x. 404,
THIS bird is black above; beneath the fore part of the neck is dark grey; breast and belly pale red; across the wing coverts a white band; tail a little cuneiform; legs yellowish brown.
Inhabits China.
54._YELLOW-NECKED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa flavicollis, Ind. Orn. ii. 476. Gm. Lin. i. 942. Yellow-necked Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iil. 337. Shaw’s Zool. x, 353.
LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill red; forehead, over the bill, dusky black; on each side of the jaw a streak of the same, like a whisker; round the eye yellowish, continuing in a streak behind, and pointed; upper parts of the body green ; fore part of the neck yellow ; sides of the breast inclining to red; top of the head pale yellow ; belly pale green, with three yellow spots, one above another ; quills dusky, edged with yellow ; tail the same, and much forked; the two middle feathers tipped with white; legs reddish.
From China; and called there Quy lum long su.
55.—ORANGE-VENTED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa fuscescens, Ind. Orn. ii. 476. Gm. Lin. i. 942.
Orange-vented Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 338.
LENGTH six inches. Bill red; head a trifle crested ; upper part of the plumage pale brown; the under dusky white; rump and vent orange; tail somewhat forked; legs purplish.
Inhabits China.—From the drawings of the late Dr. Fothergill.
190 FLYCATCHER.
56.—-BLACK FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Lucionensis, Ind. Orn. ii. p. 476. 34. Gm. Lin. i. 942. Goube-mouche noir de Lucon, Son. Voy. 58. pl. 27. 2. Black-Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 338. Shaw’s Zool. x. 324.
SIZE of the Long-tailed Titmouse. Bill black ; irides brownish ; head, throat, and all the upper parts of the body, black, glossed with violet; beneath, from the breast, dusky grey; on the middle of each wing a spot of white; legs black.
Inhabits the Philippine Isles, and Madagascar: called at the last Tessacourbé.
A.—Black Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 172.
Size and shape of the Goldfinch. Bill black, with whitish edges ; head, neck, breast, belly, and tail, black ; wings the same, marked with a single white spot in the middle; ends of the greater coverts ferruginous; some of the prime quills and secondaries edged with yellow ; legs black.
Inhabits India; called Grey Peedaw.—Lady Impey.
57.—PHILIPPINE FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Philippensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 476. Gin. Lin. i. 943. Moucherolle des Philippines, Buf. iv. 565. Philippine Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 339. Shaw’s Zool. x. 339.
SIZE of a Nightingale. Plumage above grey brown; above the eyes a streak of white ; under parts of the body whitish ; at the
base of the-bill some long hairs. Inhabits the Philippine Islands; also India.—Lady Impey.
FLYCATCHER. 191
58.—MANILLA FLYCATCHER. Gobe mouche de Lugon, Son. Voy. 58. pl. 27. 1.
SIZE and shape of the Long-tailed Titmouse. Bill and legs dusky; irides reddish; head, throat, and upper part of the neck behind deep blue; breast and belly slaty grey; lesser wing coverts brown; quills and tail black; the two middle tail feathers half as long again as the others.
Inhabits Manilla.
59.—DELICATE FLYCATCHER.
Le Mignard, Levuail, Afr. iv. 14. pl. 154. 1. 2.
THIS is the smallest of the Flycatchers of Africa; perhaps not exceeding four inches in length. Bill black ; general colour bluish grey; sides of the head and throat white ; from the gape a broad long black streak passes under the eye to the ear; sides of the belly white ; wings dusky blue, the edges of the feathers pale; on the throat and top of the breast a slight reddish tinge; and on turning back the feathers, appearing as if slightly wounded: the tail is cuneiform, the two middle feathers black, the others white for the greater part, the outer one mostly so. The female differs, in being paler, and less in size.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; most abundant in the Caffre country; said to make the nest in bushes, and to lay white eggs; feeds on insects and spiders, and has great agility. Its note like Zizizit, uttered continually.
192 FLYCATCHER.
60.—PARTI-COLOURED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa dichroa, Ind. Orn. ii. 490. Gm. Lin. i. 949. bicolor, Mus. Carls. ii. t. 4G. Parti-coloured Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup.ii. 218. Shaw’s Zool. x. 342.
LENGTH eight inches. Bill and legs dusky; plumage in general above cinereous, beneath the colour of yellow oker; wing coverts hoary on the margins; tail the length of the body, the feathers of it oker-coloured, and cinereous.
Inhabits the southern Coasts of Africa.
61.—PARADISE FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Paradisi, Ind. Orn. ii. 480. Lin.i. 324. Gin. Lin.i. 929. Gerin. ii. t. 159. Borowsk. iii. 175. t. 70.
Todus Paradiszeus, Gm. Lin.i. 445.
Pica Papoensis, Bris.ii. 45. Id. 8vo.i. 167.
Icterus Maderaspatanus cristatus, Bris, ii. 92. Id. 8vo. i. 181.
Muscicapa cristata alba Capitis B. Spei, Bris. ii. 414. t. 41.2. Id. 8vo.i. 272.
‘Avis Paradisiaca orientalis, Seba, i. t. 52, 3. Klein, 63. 9.
Manucodiata cristata, &c. Rati, 195. 13. t. 2. f. 13.
Le Moucherolle huppé a téte d’Acier poli, Buf. iv. 558.
La Vardiole, Buf. iii. 105. ¢
Gobe-mouche blanc huppé du Cap. de B. Esp. Pl. enl. 234. 2.
Moucherolle, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. \xvii. ;
Le Tchet rec be, Levail. Afr. i. 209. pl. 144, 145, 146.
Pied Bird of Paradise, Edw. pl. 113.
Paradise Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. ii. 345. Id. Sup. 172. Shaw’s Zool. x. 416.
SIZE of a Lark; length uncertain, at least eight or nine inches. Bill blackish, an inch or more in length, broad at the base, nearly straight, and ending in a blunt point; gape beset with bristles; head, neck, and throat, fine glossy greenish black; feathers of the crown elongated into a crest, which extends beyond the nape; general
FLYCATCHER. 193
colour of the plumage white, but the wing coverts have black shafts; . greater coverts black, margined all round with white; quills the same, edged with white; tail cuneiform, the feathers white, with black shafts; besides which, the two middle ones extend, more or less, beyond the others; legs lead-colour.
A.—Muscicapa cristata Cap. Bone Spei, Bris. ii. 418. t.41. 1. Jd. 8vo.i. 273. Gen. Syn, i. 346. 44, A.
The head, neck, and throat are as in the last, likewise the crest, fine greenish black; the rest of the upper parts pale chestnut; neck before, and breast grey; belly and vent white; quills pale chestnut, the outer one shortest by an inch and a half; tail cuneiform, chestnut, shafts paler; legs as the last.
B.—Gobe-mouche hupé du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Pl. enl. 234. 1. Crested long-tailed Pye, Edw. pl.325. Gen. Syn. iii. 347. B.
This differs in having all the under parts white, except the breast, which is bluish ash-colour. Such an one is among the collection of drawings of General Hardwicke.
Found at Cawnpore, in India. I observed the elongated head feathers of one, in the late General Davies’s Collection, to be rather broader towards the end, and not pointed, as in many crested species.
The two first mentioned inhabit the Cape of Good Hope.
C.—Muscicapa Brasiliensis cristata, Bris. 1. 416. Id. 8vo. i. 273. Gen. Syn. iii. 347. C. Cuiriri akamaku, Seba, ii. t. 87. 2. Klein, 70. 31.
This is described by Seba with a crested head, the colour of a Crow ; upper parts of the body pale chestnut; wing coverts gold-
colour; breast and belly white; the bill red; eyes fire-colour. VOL. VI. Cc
194. FLYCATCHER.
This is given for a Brazilian Species, but Seba must have been misinformed, as no such bird inhabits that part of the world; in his plate it seems imperfect, especially in the tail, and is no doubt one of the foregoing. |
We have hitherto been far from clear concerning the birds above described. M. Levaillant seems to have elucidated the matter suffi- ciently to prove, that there are several distinct Species, which have been confounded, and that they inhabit only India, and its Isles, as Ceylon, &c.; and even of these he has suspicion that some may be distinct, which have hitherto been considered as Varieties, and clearly ascertains, that the white, and the rufous one, are not merely distinct as to sex, but that they have alternately the white, and rufous plumage, in various moults, or perhaps at different periods of age 5 and that the difference of sex is conspicuous only in the length of crest, and two middle feathers of the tail ; and even the male has the elongated tail feathers only for about three months, during which it breeds.
We find these birds represented in various drawings from India ; but unless accounted for on the principle abovementioned, seem to contradict each other; in some the white one appears as the male, and the rufous the female; in others, both sexes are rufous, differing only in the length of the two middle tail feathers; and in one drawing the male is wholly rufous, except the crested head and neck, which are blue black; the other the same, with the under part blue grey ; in this the exuberant tail feathers are only two inches longer than the others; whereas, in the male they are at least eight: in both the bill and legs are blue, the bristles at the base of the bill very long. The nest is composed of twigs and fibres, attached in several places, to the ends of forked branches, in shape like a deep purse, open at the top; and two young appear in the nest.
These are said to have come from Malacca; are common in the Province of Oude. The name given to them in India is Shawbul, and Scha Bulbul ; or, King of the Singing ana from its having a most delightful note.
FLYCATCHER. 195
Among the Indian drawings of Gen. Hardwicke is one, said to be a female, seven inches long ; in this the head, including the eyes only, bluish black, but neither the throat nor neck ; a crest at the nape as in the others, which is bluish at the end; the rest of the neck, chin, throat, and under parts fine pale ash-colour, nearly white on the belly, thighs, and vent; back, wings, and tail, pale chestnut; tail rounded at the end, and three inches only in length..
The above said to be the real female, which, besides other things, probably may never have more than the upper part of the head and eye black; but the male has the whole head, neck, and throat, black, when arrived at his stage of perfection.
62.—MUTABLE FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa mutata, Ind. Orn. ii. 481. Lin.i. 325, Gm. Lin. i. 930.
Muscicapa Madagascariensis varia longicauda, Bris. ii. 430. t.40.3. Id. Svo.i. 276. Gobe-mouche a longue Queue et ventre blanc, Buf.iv, 568. Pl. enl. 248. 2.
Schet noir, Levail. Afr. iii. 220. pl. 148. f. 1, 2.
Moucherolle, Tem, Man. Ed. ii. Anal, p. xvii.
Mutable Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iti. 8347. Shaw’s Zool, x, 418.
THIS is about eleven inches and a half in length, of which the tail is seven inches anda half. The bill flattened at the base, three quarters of an inch long, and black, base beset with bristles; irides yellow ; eyelids bare, and blue; the head is crested, greenish black, and glossy; plumage on the upper parts of the body blue black , under parts from the breast white, inclinmg to grey on the belly and under tail coverts, but the latter nearly black; greater quills black, the secondaries the same, margined with white; the wing coverts are also margined with white ; tail cuneiform, black, the two middle feathers double the length of the others, nearly white, with the shafts black.
The female smaller, the bare eyelids less conspicuous, and without
the elongated tail feathers, €c2
196 FLYCATCHER.
The male varies, in having the long tail feathers sometimes black, at other times black on one side, and white on the opposite; these are more narrow in the middle, growing broader towards the ends. It is said, that the bird does not gain the elongated tail feathers till three years old.—Inhabits the Country of the Caffres, within the Cape of Good Hope.
In one, among the drawings of Gen. Hardwicke, the two middle tail feathers exceeded the others by seven inches, being in all fifteen inches and a half long; the space round the eyes bare, and blue. This was found at Cawnpore in India, in July, serving to shew, that the bird is not confined to the Cape of Good Hope, exclusively.
63.—SCHET-ALL FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Madagascariensis longicauda, Bris. ii. 424. t.40. 1. Id. 8vo.1. 275. Gobe-mouche a longue Queue de Madagascar, Pl. enl. 248. 1.
Schet roux, Levail. Afr. iii. 216. pl. 147. 1.2.
Schet-all, Buf. iv. 568. Gen. Syn. iii. 348. 45. A.
SIZE of a Goldfinch. Head, as low as the eyes on each side, dull green, with the gloss of polished steel, very full of feathers, and elongated at the back part, so as to form a sort of crest when erected ; bill three quarters of an inch long, black, with a few hairs at the base; irides yellow; eyelids blue; general colour of the rest of the plumage rufous, but less glossy than in the first species, and in parts inclines to brown; the wings black, with the margins, and ends of several of the coverts white, forming a long patch of white down the middle of the wing; the ten side feathers of the tail are cuneiform in shape, but the two middle ones as long again as the others; where they begin to elongate are more narrow than towards the ends, becoming there wider.
The female is smaller, and the colours less bright. M. Levaillant found this in the Country of the Caffres, but could not obtain any account of the nest or eggs.
FLYCATCHER. 197
-A.—Muscicapa Madagascariensis albic. longicauda, Bris. ii, 427, t.40. 1. Id. 8yo. i. p- 276. Schet-Vouloulou, Buf. iv. 569. Gen. Syn. iii. 348. B.
This seems a trifling Variety, in which the two middle long tail feathers are white, bordered with black for half the length, shafts ‘black; the four next on each side chestnut; the outer one black, except the inner web, which is white for nearly the whole length.
Inhabits Madagascar; called there Schet Vouloulou. In Mr. Salt’s Collectlon are some Varieties: in one, the head and neck are glossy steel black; the back fine chestnut; beneath, from the breast, dusky black; wings as in the other, but with more white in them; the two middle tail feathers eleven inches long, white, with black shafts; the others four inches only; the middle one of the short feathers on each side is also white, with a black edge, the rest chestnut; breast and belly slate-colour. In another the two long tail feathers are cmnamon; and all the others, except that adjoining to the middle ones, which is white, with a black shaft.
We believe that these were brought from Abyssinnia, and were thought to be male and female, being found together on a fig tree at Ghella.
64.—NEBULOSE FLYCATCHER. Le Nebuleux, Levail. Afr. iii. 223. pl. 149. f. 1. 2.
SIZE of a Goldfinch, but longer. The bill black, longer, and less flat than in some others; the head scarcely crested ; irides hazel brown; plumage in general pure white; wings and tail black, the latter cuneiform; the two middle tail feathers more narrow, and four times the length of any of the rest; legs black.
The female smaller: the plumage earthy brown, paler on the forehead, throat, and belly; wings and tail black, less deep than in
198 FLYCATCHER.
the male, and this sex never acquires the long feathers: in winter the male loses the summer dress, and has much the appearance of a female. The young male has the two middle tail feathers marbled with white.
Inhabits Africa, within the Cape of Good Hope, in the Country of the Grand Namaquas; appears to be confined to the vicinity of the Fish River, not that of the Caffre Country; makes a nest of tender stalks of plants, covered with moss, and lined with very fine ~ fibres; the eggs five in number, green, spotted with brown; the nest generally placed on the branches which hang over the water ; the male and female sit by turns: it has a sort of cry, somewhat like the word Tchirit.
65.—VELVET-HEADED FLYCATCHER.
LENGTH eight inches. Bill three quarters of an inch, stout, and black ; the whole head black, the feathers short and like velvet; body and wings mostly fine rufous orange; greater quills black, the others the same, bordered with orange; tail brownish orange, cunei- form, two inches and three quarters in length ; the wings reach to the base of it; legs dusky.
Inhabits Africa.—In the collection of Mr. H. Brogden.
66.—BLACK-COLLARED FLYCATCHER.
Le Cordon noir, Levail. Afr. iii. 227. pl. 150. 1. 2.
THIS is a trifle smaller than the Nebulose one. Bill black; irides brown; head and sides, including the eyes, the neck, as far as the back black, coming forwards to the breast, and round it as a collar; back, scapulars, and wings, light dusky brown; forehead, chin, and throat, white; also a large portion of white on the wings;
FLYCATCHER. 199
tail rounded in shape, the side feathers black, edged with white ; the two middle ones three times as long as the others, very narrow, and pure white; legs brown.
The female differs, in having the band across the breast pale rufous brown, instead of black; the colours in general more dilute; also less white in the wing; the two middle long feathers at all times wanting.
Inhabits the inward parts of the Cape of Good Hope, chiefly in the Country of Coraquois and Kabobiquois, towards the Tropic of Capricorn. Nest and eggs unknown.
A.—Length nine inches and a half. Bill as in the last, with a slight notch near the tip; head feathers elongated at the nape ; head, neck, breast, and back, black ; lower part of the breast and _ belly bluish white; vent and thighs black ; wing coverts black and white mixed; quills black, the outer margins hoary, most so nearest the base ; tail feathers mixed black and white, but the two middle long ones are white, and exceed the others by four inches and a half; bill and Jegs pale ash-colour.
67.—DESERT FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Deserti, Ind. Orn. ii. 478. Gm. Lin. i. 948. -— fuliginosa, Mus. Carls. ii. t. 47. Desert Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 217. Shaw’s Zool. x. 414.
SIZE of the Long-tailed Titmouse. Bill yellowish ; plumage in general dusky rust-colour; wings and tail black, the latter half as long again as the rest of the bird ; the four middle feathers even, the others gradually shorter; legs black.
Inhabits the Deserts of Africa, met with between the River Heui, and the Spring Quamodacka.
200 FLYCATCHER.
_68.—MACULATE FLYCATCHER.
LENGTH four inches and a half. Bill pale ash-colour ; head, neck, back, and wings, brown, marked with obscure, roundish, pale spots ; edges of the second and third coverts, and second quills pale ; greater quills and tail black, the latter short, and the mings reach to about half the length of it; legs pale brown.
Inhabits India.—Sir J. Anstcather:
69.—_CAMBATAN FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Cambaiensis, Ind. Orn. 11. 490. Cambaian Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. iv. 219. Shaw’s Zool. x. 361.
SIZE of the Black-capped Flycatcher. Bill depressed, rather broad, dusky, and a few hairs at the base; plumage above black, tinged with yellowish green on the back ; beneath fulvous yellow ; across the wing a double band of white; legs bluish.
Inhabits Cambaia and India.——In the British Museum.
70.—STARRY FLYCATCHER. Etoile, Levail. Afr. iv. 28, pl. 157. 1.2.
SIZE of the Common Flycatcher, but the legs longer. ~ Bill black ; irides red brown; head blue grey, before the eye a spot of white; across the throat, beneath the grey, a band of white ; general colour above the body olive-green, inclining to yellow; beneath the body jonquil yellow, clouded with pale olive on the breast and sides ; quills slate-coloured, with pale borders ; tail as the back, even at the end; legs black brown.
FLYCATCHER. 201
The female has the head and all the upper parts olive-green, paler than the male; throat and cheeks paler; beneath the body pale yellow, with an olive tinge on the belly, and beneath the tail ; but this sex has not the blue grey head, nor white across the throat, asin the male. The young bird resembles the female, gaining the dark head at the second moult, though at all times may be perceived by blowing the feathers aside.
This species is found in the interior of the Cape of Good Hope, in the neighbourhood of the Bay of Blettenberg, or Lagoa, and towards Le Poort; it builds in the forks, at the ends of the branches of trees, the nest made of dry grass, covered with lichen, and dry fibres within, but neither hair nor feathers; the eggs four m number, greenish grey, dotted with rufous; the hen sits sixteen days. M. Levaillant notices a singularity in the male, which is, a kind of fatty protuberance on each side of the vent, in the shape of a small egg, white, like a gland, and filled with oily matter, as on the rump; but whether this was a natural production, or a disease, M. L. was not able to determine.
71.—CELESTIAL FLYCATCHER,
Gobe-mouche Azuron, Levail. Afr.iv. 31. pl. 158. 1. 2.
SIZE of the last. Bill and legs brownish; eyes bright orange ; general colour azure blue above, beneath bright rufous orange; the thighs, and beneath the wings and tail white.
Female smaller, the blue paler, and white beneath. Young males have only the orange-colour under the throat.
Found with the last; the male and female always together; the cry like Piereret, three times repeated ; feeds on caterpillars and snails; the nest made on the Mimosas, between the forks of the branches, with twigs; itis deep, but no soft lining; the eggs are five or six, of an
olive-green, dotted with rufous, forming a circle round the larger end. VOL. VI. Dob
202 FLYCATCHER.
72.—COCHIN-CHINA FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Cochinsinensis, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. lii. Cochin-china Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. Add. 374. Shaw’s Zool. x. 379.
LENGTH four inches and three quarters. Bill dusky, sharp at the end, as in the Goldfinch, but less stout, and furnished with several hairs at the base; crown, nape, and hind part of the neck, back, and wings, olive-brown, darker on the forehead; sides level with the eye, and all beneath to the vent, pale fulvous, lighter about the throat and neck; quills dusky; on the outer edge of the wing a white spot; tail brown, but paler than the back, and greatly cunei- form ; the two middle feathers two inches long, the outer five-eighths of an inch; the three outer ones white at the ends, with a crescent of black just within the white; legs pale red.
Inhabits Cochin-China.
73.—CRESTED SENEGAL FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa cristata, Ind. Orn.ii. 470. Gm. Lin. i. 938.
-— Senegalensis cristata, Bris. 11 422. t. 39. 2. Id. 8vo. i. 274. Gobe-mouche huppé du Senegal, Buf. iv. 530. Pl. enl. 573. 2.
Le Tchitrec, Levail. Afr. iii. 203. pl. 142. 1. 2. pl. 143.—the nest. Crested Senegal Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 8329. Shaw’s Zool. x. 325.
SIZE of the Goldfinch, but longer in proportion ; the total length of the male is twelve inches; the two middle tail feathers exceeding the others by six inches ; the bill is bluish, with some hairs at the base ; the head, throat, and fore part of the neck, glossy, or steely black, changing to green in some lights ; the feathers narrow and long, forming a crest ; plumage on the upper parts of the neck, wing coverts, scapulars, back, and rump, rufous chestnut; breast and under parts deep ash-colour; greater coverts and quills brown,
FLYCATCHER. 203
with chestnut edges; tail purplish chestnut, greatly cuneiform in shape ; and in some specimens the two middle feathers exceed the others by several inches; legs grey.
The female is smaller, as is also the crest, and the colours in general are less bright ; the fore part of the neck and all beneath iron-grey. In the female the middle feathers are longer than the side ones, but never projecting far from the rest, as in the male; and this sex only retains them during the breeding season. In both sexes the eyelids are fleshy, moveable, and of a fine blue, but in the female smaller, and less conspicuous. Young birds are like the females.
This species is common on the East Coast of the Cape of Good Hope, from Duywehoch to the country of Caffres; also on the borders of Sondag, and Swartekop, but not near the Cape itself. The nest is of a singular construction, in shape of a long cone bent at the point, and hanging downwards, fastened by the mouth, between two branches of a Mimosa, length about eight inches, and two in diameter at top, the depth only three inches, so that all below this seems unnecessary ; it is composed of fine strips of bark, and lined with down, wool, or hair. Eggs and young unknown.
74.—BOURBON FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Borbonica, Ind. Orn. ii. 470. Gm. Lin.i. 939. Bris. ii. 420. t. 39. 5. Id. 8yo. i. 274.
Gobe-mouche huppé de I’ Isle de Bourbon, Pl. enl. 573, 1.
Moucherolle, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. \xvii.
Bourbon Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 330. Id, Sup. 171. Shaw’s Zool. x. 326.
LESS than the last; length five inches and one-third. Bill grey; head greenish black, glossed with violet; throat and all beneath ash-colour ; back, lesser wing coverts, and tail, pale chestnut; the second and third coverts black, the first tipped with rufous, the last with white; quills black, edged with chestnut; tail even at the end,
or very little rounded; rump grey ; legs brown. D v2
204 FLYCATCHER.
Said to inhabit the Isle of Bourbon.—Brisson adds, that the female has the head ash-colour.: ‘Levaillant is of opinion, that this is a young bird, or a female of the last species.
75.—MANTLED FLYCATCHER.
Le Gobe-mouches mantelé, Levail. Afr. iv. p. 5. pl. 151.
SIZE and proportion of the Crested one, but without the long tail feathers. The bill is moderate in size, and beset at the base with bristles; head feathers elongated, black, with a blue gloss; upper parts of the body, rump, and upper tail coverts, bluish grey ; on the wing coverts an oblique band of white; under parts from the breast white; quills black, edged with bluish grey; tail the same, a trifle cuneiform ; bill and legs bluish black ; irides cinnamon-colour.
The female is smaller, and the crest less conspicuous ; wings and tail light brown, otherwise like the male; bill, irides, and legs, paler.
Inhabits the Mimosa woods of the Caffre Country, and the forest of the Hottniquas; is not a wild species; as a pair came into a tent, in the manner of the Redbreast, and by management were caught. The male has a little sharp cry like Schrret, Schrret. Nest and eggs unknown.
Zi 6. —SPECTACLE FLYCATCHER.
Gobe-mouches a lunettes, Levail. Afr. iv. p. 9. pl. 152. 1. 2.
LENGTH six inches and a quarter. Bill and legs brown; irides hazel ; plumage above and thighs dusky pale brown, beneath white; round the eye, on the upper part, a kind of white eyebrow ; across the middle of the neck before a brownish black crescent ; tail long, cuneiform, the three outer feathers tipped with white.
FLYCATCHER. 205
The female is smaller, and the colours paler; has no blackish crescent on the throat; and the under parts are dusky white.
Inhabits the great forests near the River Gamtoos, the only place where it is found; it has no crest, but the base of the bill in both sexes is broad and flat, and with hairs at the base; is only seen on the tops of trees, and spreads the tail asa fan; and, like others of the tribe, catches flies on the wing; has a slight cry: the nest never met with.
77.-DUN FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Sibirica, Ind. Orn. ii. 482. Gm. Lin. i. 936.
Dun Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 851. Arct. Zool. ii. 390. A. Shaw’s Zool.ix. 411.
GENERAL colour brown, inclinmg to ash-colour beneath ; throat and vent spotted with white.
Inhabits the parts about Lake Baikal, and the East part of Siberia ; observed also at Kamtschatka.
78.—RED-FACED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa erythropis, Ind. Orn. ii. 482. Gm. Lin. i. 937. Red-faced Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 351. Shaw’s Zool. x. 339.
THE upper parts of this bird are mottled; the under white; beneath the wings rufous ; the forehead red. Inhabits the country about the River Jenisei.
79.- OBSCURE FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa obscura, Lin. Trans. xii. p. 146.
LENGTH five inches. Plumage above black, with a steely green gloss; beneath and rump white. In some the colour is
brownish grey; the quills’deeper, and ‘the tail deep brown. Inhabits Java.
206 FLYCATCHER.
80.—INDIGO FLYCATCHER. Muscicapa Indigo, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 146.
LENGTH three inches and three quarters. Colour of the plumage obscure sky-blue; quills and tail black; the feathers of the last, the base of the axillaries, the belly, and vent, whitish; the tail feathers, the exterior ones excepted, are outwardly margined with obscure sky-blue ; the two middle ones plain black at the base.
Inhabits Java, and called Nil-nilan.
81.—BANYUMAS FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Banyumas, Lin. Trans. xii. p. 146.
LENGTH five inches and a half. Plumage above deep azure- blue, beneath chestnut, paler on the belly; quills and under part of the tail black.
Inhabits Java: met with in the Province of Banyumas, and called Chiching-goleng. One of these in the collection of Mr. Comyns, differed, in having the throat and breast pale rufous; belly rufous white. This last came from the Island of Ceylon.
82.—PASSERINE FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Passerina, Ind. Orn. ii. 490. Passerine Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. 175. Shaw’s Zool. x. 337. SIZE uncertain. Plumage on the upper parts of the body dusky black, beneath whitish; tail black. Inhabits the Isle of France in the Southern Ocean.—From the drawings of Sir Joseph Banks.
FLYCATCHER. 207
83.—YELLOW-FRONTED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa flavifrons, Ind. Orn. ii. 479. Gm, Lin. i. 944. Yellow-fronted Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. ili. 342. Shaw’s Zool. x. 351.
LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill pale lead-colour, with a very few hairs at the base ; upper parts of the body yellow-olive ; fore- head and under parts yellow; eye yellow, round the back part of it a half-crescent of white; wings brown, the feathers edged with yellow ; quills blackish, edged with the same; tail olive-brown, the end palest; legs pale blue.
Inhabits the Isle of Tanna.
84. -YELLOW-HEADED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa ochrocephala, Ind. Orn. ii. 479.. Gm. Lin.i. 944. Yellow-headed Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 342. Shaw’s Zool. x. 410.
LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill rather stout, bent just at the tip; nostrils covered by a membrane; base of the bill bristly ; irides hazel ; head, neck, and breast, golden yellow ; upper parts of the body dusky, pale, yellowish green, inclining on the rump to ash- colour; belly, thighs, and vent, white; legs black, claws long.
Inhabits Queen Charlette’s Sound, in New Zealand.
85.—PIED FLYCATCHER.
LENGTH nine inches. Bill black, stout, a trifle hooked at the end; head and throat black ; neck behind, middle of the back, wing coverts, and much of the rest of the wing, and tail, black; breast and under parts white, passing nearly to the back of the neck, as a collar; scapulars mixed with white; several of the second quills
~
208 FLYCATCHER.
edged with white, forming a streak on the wing; some of the mar- gins of the outer tail feathers are also white ; the wings, when closed, reach to about the middle of the tail ; legs blue black.
Inhabits New-Holland.--In the collection of Mr. Francillon.
86.—LUTEOUS FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa lutea, Ind. Orn.ii. 478. Gm. Lin. i. 944. Luteous Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 342. Shaw’s Zool. x. 359.
LENGTH six inches. Bill three quarters of an inch, lead-colour, rather stout, straight, and a trifle bent at the tip; base hairy; irides lead-colour; plumage in general like yellow oker, mottled with dusky on the wing coverts and quills; tail one inch and three quarters long, dusky for one-third next the end; legs pale ash- colour.—Inhabits Otaheite, and called Oomamao pooa hou; is not uncommon.
87.—NAXVOUS FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa neevia, Ind. Orn. ii. 479. Gm. Lin. i. 944. Neevous Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. ini. 3438. Shaw’s Zool. x. 338.
LENGTH eight inches:and three quarters. Bill black, three quarters of an inch long, bent at the tip, and a few hairs at the base ; irides pale ash-colour ; eyelids black; plumage above dusky black, beneath paler; middle of the back and shoulders marked with white ; legs black.
Inhabits New Caledonia.—Sir Joseph Banks.
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FLYCATCHER. 209
88.—RED-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.—PL. c.
Muscicapa erythrogastra, Ind. Orn.ii. 479. Gm. Lin. i. 944.
Crimson-breasted Warbler, Lewin’s New-Holland Birds, pl. 5?
Red-bellied Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 343. pl. 50. Id. Sup. ii. 216. Nat. Mise. pl. 147. Shaw’s Zool. x. 400. pl. 32.
LENGTH four inches and a half. Bill black, a little curved at the end, the under mandible yellowish at the base; head, neck, back, sides, thighs, wings, and tail, black ; forehead, and lower wing coverts, white; breast and belly deep carmine ; vent reddish ; two, or more, of the outer tail feathers white for two-thirds of the length ; legs long and slender, yellowish brown.
The female is brown where the male is black; chin, and between the eye and bill, cinereous brown; breast and belly pale orange; vent, sides, and thighs, yellowish white.
Inhabits Norfolk Island, chiefly in the most unfrequented parts of it; met with also in New South Wales, but less common ; comes into habitations in winter, in the manner of our Redbreast in England, and has a note not unlike it; is a solitary bird, or at least not seen in flocks; is subject to some Varieties.
A.—In one from Port Jackson, the head, neck, back, and wings, slaty black ; quills and tail black; chin and throat the same, but paler; on the forehead a white spot; breast purplish, or deep red lake-colour ; belly and vent white.
B.—In this the forehead is not white ; instead of which is a white streak over the eye; chin white; and the general colour, as in the others, black; breast and belly crimson; vent white; tail rather shorter than in the first described.
The native name of this is Boaddang. VOL. VI. EE
210 FLYCATCHER.
C.—A third Variety has an oblique streak of white_on the wings, and most of the outer tail feathers white; but it is also seen with the tail feathers wholly black.
D.—This is black above; beneath wholly deep crimson ; forehead white; on the wing coverts some mottlings of white.
E.—In a further Variety the general colour of the upper parts is dusky, or cinereous black ; chin, neck before, and breast, crimson ; a spot on the forehead, an oblique, broad; longitudinal streak on the shoulders of the wings, and all the belly and vent white.
Inhabits Port Jackson; in New South Wales.—General Davies. I observe that, in the male figured in Lewin’s work, the belly and vent are white; and in the female the white parts ‘on the wing, belly, and vent, incline to yellow; base of the tail in both the same; the two outer feathers, and the tips of the others white.
Some other Varieties have also occurred, some having no white on the forehead ; all from the chin scarlet; belly white ; vent pale red; tail short, the wings reaching to near the end of it ; whereas in the others they do not reach half way. These differences cannot be well reconciled ; nor can we, from these circumstances, be positive that the whole of the above relate to one and the same species.
89.—SCARLET-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.
LENGTH eight inches. Bill black, ‘no perceivable haits at the base ; irides blue; head, neck, chin, back, wings, and tail, black ; forehead white ; throat and all beneath bright scarlet, paler towards the vent; thighs dusky ; wing coverts edged with white ; also some
FLYCATCHER. 211
of the quills; tail rather hollowed out in the middle, and several of the outer feathers margined with white; legs black ; the wings reach a little beyond the base of the tail.
Inhabits New-Holland.—Mr. Francillon. Known by the name of Karreet: is a domestic bird, and frequents fields and gardens, similar to the Redbreast in England; called the Robin of New South Wales, and Norfolk Island, where it is most numerous. In the female the breast is much paler; and the back, head, and tail, instead of black, are brown.
90.—SANDWICH FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Sanduicensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 479. Gm. Lin. i. 945. Sandwich Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. ii. 344. Shaw’s Zool. x. 395.
LENGTH. five inches and ahalf. Bill black, bristly at the base, and yellowish; forehead buff-coloured ; over the eyes a white line; upper parts of the body brown ; wing coverts edged with pale rust- colour; greater quills brown, beth of them tipped with dusky white ; tail brown, all the feathers except the two middle, tipped with white; chin pale, marked with dusky streaks; on each side of the neck a mixture of white ; breast rust-colour ; belly and vent yellowish white.
Inhabits the Sandwich Islands.—In the collection of Sir Joseph Banks.
91.—DUSKY FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa obscura, Ind. Orn. ii. 479. Gm. Lin.i. 945. Dusky Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 344. Shaw’s Zool. x. 405.
LENGTH seven inches and three quarters. Bill broad at the base, with a few bristles, and slightly notched near the tip; plumage
in general brown, paler beneath, inclining to ash-colour, tinged with Er2
212 FLYCATCHER.
rufous on the belly; tail three inches long, even at the end, the feathers rather pointed; legs dusky. Inhabits the Sandwich Islands.
92.--SPOTTED-WINGED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa maculata, Ind. Orn.ii. 480. Gm. Lin. i. 945. Spotted-winged Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 345. Shaw’s Zool. x. 390.
BILL black, base of the under mandible yellow on the edges; plumage above ferruginous brown, the head palest; wing coverts tipped with a white spot ; rump ferruginous; quills dusky; beneath the body pale reddish brown, changing to reddish white on the bottom of the belly ; vent the same, but paler; tail brown, the outer feathers white at the tips of the inner webs; legs black.
Supposed to inhabit the Sandwich Islands.
93.—RUSTY-THROAT FLYCATCHER. Muscicapa superciliosa, Ind. Orn. Sup. p.1. Mus. Carls. iv. t. 96. Supercilious Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 220. Shaw’s Zool. x. 391.
SIZE of a small Thrush. Bill black, base pale brown; upper parts of the head, including the eyes, neck, back, and wings, dark brown ; from the nostrils, over the eyes, a broad streak of white ; chin and throat ferruginous; from thence to the vent fine pale ash- colour; tail rounded at the end; the two middle feathers like the
back, the others ferruginous, the inner margins, and tips, brown; legs black.
94.—BLACK-CROWNED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa meloxantha, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. 1. Mus. Carls. iv. t. 97. Black-crowned Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 220. Shaw's Zool, x. 368.
SIZE of the White-throat. Bill black; plumage above dusky ash; crown and forehead black ; wing coverts the same, with the
FLYCATCHER. 213
tips and margins yellow ; under parts from the chin to vent yellow ; quills black, edged with yellow; tail short, rounded, black, all the feathers tipped with white, but the outmost has the end, for nearly a quarter of its length, of that colour; legs dusky.
Native place of this and the last uncertain.
95.—RUFOUS-FRONTED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa rufifrons, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. 1. Orange-rumped Flycatcher, Lewin’s N. Holl. Birds, pl. 13. Rufous-fronted Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 220. Shaw's Zool. x. 373.
SIZE of a Nightingale, but more slender. Bill black, slender, with a few fine hairs at the base; crown of the head, neck behind, * wing coverts, half the tail, and under parts of the body, from the breast, pale brown; forehead, middle of the back, and base of the tail deep rufous, inclining to red; the chin, neck before, and breast yellowish white, spotted on the ears and breast with black; on the middle of the neck before a large patch of black; tail rather long, and in a small degree cuneiform ; bill and legs pale brown.
Inhabits New South Wales, known there by the name of Burril ; has only been met with in November ; found in low bushes, is always in motion; has a chattering kind of note, and is in the habit of frequently jerking up the tail.
That figured by Mr. Lewin differs in some particulars ; the upper parts are darker brown than in the former, and the quills, and tertial coverts pale red on the edges; the rufous red colour occupies the lower part of the back, rump, and upper tail coverts, and continues half way to the middle of the tail feathers, the outer ones of which are at least rufous on the outer webs; instead of black spots on the ears, there is a continued patch; the same on the throat; beneath white, as far as the breast, the feathers black in the middle, with
214 FLYCATCHER.
whitish margins; chin, belly, and vent yellowish white; the end half of the tail feathers black, frmged at the very tip with buff-colour ; bill black ; legs dull flesh-colour.
This bird seems to vary much in its markings, as may be seen both in specimens and drawings sent to this Kingdom: in some, the tips of all the tail feathers are white; chin white, passing on each side of the neck, and forming a collar before; on the breast some black markings, and from thence to the vent white. In others, the rufous colour on the forehead passes over the eyes; the base of the tail, for one-third, as well as the back, is rufous, then brown, and finally tipped with paler rufous; but in most the tail is half rufous, half brown; the wings generally reach about one-third on the tail ; legs dusky. The above differences may probably arise from age or sex, but we do not sufficiently know the history of them, so as to ascertain the fact.
These birds are reported to be of very short flight, generally found among brush and rotten wood, often on marshy ground, and likewise near the sea shore.
96.—BLACK-TOPPED FLYCATCHER.
Motacilla atricapilla, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. Iii. Black-crowned Wagtail, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 231.
SIZE and habit of our Wagtail. Bill and Jegs.yellow ; .crewn of the head black ; body above pale brown, beneath white, inclining to orange on the breast; quills black ; tail long, somewhat.cuneiform, the middle feathers a little pointed ; colour of all of them red-brown half way from the base, from thence to the end yellowish.
Inhabits New South Wales, and is a scarce bird ; has much the appearance of a Wagtail, but on a later investigation, seems to -be much allied to the Rufous-fronted Species, of which it is probably a young bird, if not a female. i
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FLYCATCHER. _215
97.—CRIMSON-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.—Pr. cr.
Muscicapa coccinigastra, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. |. Crimson-bellied Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 221. pl. 184. Shaw’s Zool. x. 391.
LENGTH five inches anda half. Bill and legs brown; plumage above olive-brown, but from the base of the bill to the middle of the crown, taking in the eyes, black, passing backwards, and ending in a point on the ears; chin and sides of the neck white; breast and belly deep crimson ; wings black, but the quills are white half way from the base, formmg a large patch ; tail longish, the two middle feathers wholly black, the others the same from the base to the middle, the rest of the length white; the wings reach one-fourth on the tail.—Inhabits New South Wales, and is a scarce species.
98.—BLACK-CHEEKED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa barbata, Ind. Orn. Sup. -p. li.
Black-cheeked Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 221. Shaw’s Zool. x. 338.
SIZE of the White-Throat. Bill black; plumage above brown ; beneath pale yellow, towards the vent white; crown of the head black, with a broad streak of the same, occupying the sides of the cheeks, beginning under the eye ; quills darker than the rest, some of them edged with yellow; tail longish ; legs bluish.
Inhabits New South Wales, found there in July.
99.—ROSE-WINGED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa rhodoptera, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. li. Rose-winged Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 222. Shaw’s Zool. x. 383.
SIZE of-a Nightingale. Bill and legs brown; plumage in general brown ; ‘beneath white ; feathers of the crown loose, giving
216 FLYCATCHER.
the appearance of a crest, and spotted with black ; the middle of the outer quills and the four middle tail feathers from the base, to three- fourths of the length, rose-colour ; the latter marked with a few spots of black.—Inhabits New South Wales.
100.—HOODED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa cucullata, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. li. Shaw’s Zool. x. 399. Hooded Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. 11. 223.
BILL and head black, the latter full of feathers; plumage in general clouded black ; the under parts white; wings and tail black, but the lesser quills are fringed with white; legs dusky.
Inhabits New South Wales.
101.—ROSE-BREASTED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa rhodogastra, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. li. Rose-breasted Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 223. Shaw's Zool. x. 412.
BILL brown, longish, and bent.towards the point; irides bluish ; upper parts of the bird pale brown, the under pale; breast rose- colour, inclining to carmine ; on the wing coverts a few pale spots ; legs brown.—Inhabits New South Wales.
102.—SOUTHERN FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa australis, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. li. Southern Motacilla, White’s Journ. pl. in p. 239. Southern Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 219. Shaw's Zool. x. 369.
RATHER larger than the Cinereous Species. Bill and legs pale brown; plumage in general cinereous brown above, and the tail beneath fine yellow; chin and vent palest; over the eye a yellow streak, and a double trace behind.
FLYCATCHER. 217
Inhabits New-Holland.—In some the crown, neck behind, and back, are bluish brown; wings brown; edges of the quills whitish, the traces above and behind the eye white, and the ends of the two middle tail feathers white ; the crown, too, seems fuller of feathers : probably these two differ in sex. One of the last, at Gen. Davies’s, was six inches and a half Jong. Bill with hairs at the base; plumage above slate-colour, beneath pale yellow, clouded on the lower part of the throat with pale ash; tail two inches and a half long, a little cuneiform, the edges of all but the two middle feathers white. This was from Van Diemen’s Land.
A similar one, in the Collection of Lord Stanley, measured six inches. The bill black, notched near the tip, and hooked; head, neck, and half the back, pale ash, with a yellowish tinge; lower part of the back, and rump bright olive yellow; all beneath, from the chin, bright yellow; under wing coverts dusky white; the quills ash, fringed outwardly with white; tail two inches and a half long, like the quills, but all the feathers white just at the tips, except the two middle, which are plain, the outmost with most white; legs long, feathers about the joint ash-colour, hind claw large.
One, seemingly a further Variety, had the bill and legs dusky red; irides dusky blue; lesser wing coverts marked with black spots, some faint bars beneath the tail— Mr. Francillon.
103.—GREY FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa flavigastra, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. lii. Moucherolle, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. pl. |xvii. Grey Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 223. Shaw’s Zool, x. 343.
SIZE of a Sparrow. Bill broad, with a few bristles at the base, and black; plumage on the upper parts of the body, and wings, slaty grey; the under, from chin to vent, pale yellow; the quills and tail dusky black; legs pale brownish flesh-colour.
Inhabits New-Holland.
VOL. VI. Fr
218 FLYCATCHER.
104.
YELLOW-EARED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Nove Hollandiz, Ind. Orn. ii. 478. Yellow-eared Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 215. White's Journ. pl. p. 161. Shaw’s Zool.x. 384.
LENGTH seven inches. Bill broad at the base, and yellowish ; general colour of the plumage brown, beneath whitish; belly pure white; behind the eyes, and beneath them, a yellow streak, growing broader behind; tail pretty long, the two middle feathers rather shorter than the others.—Inhabits New-Holland.
105.—BUFF-THROATED FLYCATCHER.
LENGTH seven inches and a half. The bill stout, somewhat depressed at the base, three-quarters of an inch long, with a slight notch at the tip, and several hairs at the base, pomting forwards; between the nostrils and eye a dark trace; the general colour of the plumage, including the eye, glossy black, with a tinge of blue on the head and neck, as also on the wing coverts; under wing coverts dull black ; from the chin to vent white, with a pale rufous or buff- coloured tinge above the breast, on the throat ; tail three inches and a half long, even at the end, wholly glossy black ; quills dusky, and reach about half way on the tail ; the tips of the outer feathers of the latter have a minute speck of white; legs weak, black.
Inhabits New-Holland.—In the collection of Lord Stanley.
106.—AUSTRALASIAN FLYCATCHER.
LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill stout, rather broad at the base, with a few slight hairs, deep brown, the under mandible pale
FLYCATCHER. 219
at the base; plumage above pale olive-brown, with a narrow, obsolete, darker streak down the shaft of each feather; rump more inclined to green; beneath dusky yellowish white, with numerous dusky streaks; quills dark, with pale margins; tail as the quills, the feathers rather pointed at the ends; the quills reach more than half way on the tail.
Inhabits New South Wales.—In the collection of Lord Stanley.
107.—RED-BACKED FLYCATCHER.
Scarlet-back, Lewin’s Birds, pl. 14.
LENGTH four inches and a half. Bill black, half an inch long, with a few hairs at the base, curving forwards; tongue lacerated on the margin; head, neck, breast, belly, and vent, black; rump and tail the same; the latter one inch and a quarter long, and rounded at the end; wings, quills, and thighs, brown; scapulars darker; on the coverts a broad, curved, black mark; shoulders, and back to the rump crimson ; legs pale brown.
Female brown above, pale yellow beneath; over the eye a red- dish trace; tail long and slender, like the Long-tailed Titmouse ; and often carried erect; over the eye a dull red trace, and some mottlings on the neck and breast; back and wings as in the male.
Inhabits New South Wales.—Gen. Davies. Generally found in forests, near the banks of rivers, especially Paterson River, in low bushes; in winter migrates southward. The male has a pretty song, much like that of the Superb Warbler; now and then seen in small flocks; and frequently flirts up the tail. There is some similarity between this and the Orange-rumped Flycatcher, but the tail is deep black, and full webbed, though cuneiform; in this circumstance materially differing, otherwise might be mistaken for the opposite
sex. The native name in Mr. Francillon’s drawings is Temmench. F F2
220 FLYCATCHER.
108.—NEW-HOLLAND FLYCATCHER.
LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill slender, bent at the point, pale at the base, and dusky at the tip; plumage above dusky, shafts of the feathers white; beneath dusky and white clouded; wings deep ash-colour, the second, third, and fourth quills, white on the outer edges, making a long streak on the wing; tail black, and appears as if it were doubly concave at the end; all but the two middle feathers tipped with white; legs dusky.
Inhabits New-Holland.
109.—PACIFIC FLYCATCHER.
LENGTH eight inches. Bill broad at the base, and dusky ; plumage above glossy black, beneath from under the eye wholly white; quills brown; tail a little rounded; the wings reach about to the middle of it.
Inhabits New-Holland.—From the drawings of Mr. Lambert.
110.—SOLITARY FLYCATCHER.
Motacilla solitaria, Solitary Warbler, Lewin’s N. Holl. Birds, p.3. pl. iil.
LENGTH five inches. Bill scarcely half an inch long, dusky brown; plumage above brownish grey ; wings and tail brown ; chin whitish in the middle; the rest of the under parts ferruginous chest- nut; paler, and inclining to orange on the throat, but mottled with ferruginous ; thighs brown ; tail one inch and a quarter in length, hollowed out a little in the middle, and nearly black; legs brown.
FLYCATCHER. 231
Inhabits rocks, inaccessible caverns, and deep rugged places, creeping about; is a shy and cautious bird; the note sharp and shrill: always found in the same places throughout the year; but is not numerous, or commonly met with.
111.—RUSTY-CROWNED FLYCATCHER.
LENGTH. between eight and nine inches. Bill black, with a few hairs at the base; top of the head ferruginous, with dusky streaks ; the rest of the neck, and all beneath, very pale yellow, or brimstone-colour ; neck behind marked with numerous, dusky, nar- row streaks; the lower part and sides with large blotches of the same, and two or three in the direction of the jaw; on the breast a few irregular transverse lines, and some streaks on the thighs ; wing coverts ferruginous ; quills dusky ; tail three inches and a half long, cuneiform; legs black.—From the drawings of Mr. Dent.
112.—BARRED-TAILED FLYCATCHER.
LENGTH five inches. Bill half an inch long, made as in the Common Wren, but stouter, with a few hairs at the base, colour brown ; all the upper parts of the body, and wings olive brown, with a rufous tinge on the lower part of the back ; over the eye a trace of white, beginning at the nostrils, and reaching behind; upper tail coverts buff-colour ; the chin, throat, and breast, buff-colour, with nu- merous dusky streaks; the rest of the under parts paler, almost white ; sides olive brown ; under tail coverts pale ferruginous; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers two inches and a quarter, the outer one inch and three quarters, colour reddish brown, with a bar of black near the end ; beyond this whitish, or very pale ash-colour ; the legs pale yellow, claws black.
229 FLYCATCHER.
Inhabits New-Holland.—In the collection of Lord Stanley. Is found chiefly in the grass, and is unable to take distant flights, for the wings being short, and the tail long, causes it to fly with difficulty.
113.—MURINE FLYCATCHER.
LENGTH six inches. Bill broad at the base, and black; the plumage above mouse-colour, beneath dusky white; quills and tail brown ; tail rounded at the end, the outer feather white; the next white, with the base brown; the third half brown, half white; the fourth tipped with white ; the rest of the feathers brown.
Inhabits New-Holland.
114.—OLIVE FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Caledonica, Ind. Orn. ii. 478. Gm. Lin.i. 944. Olive Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iti. 342. Shaw’s Zool. x. 351.
SIZE of a Chaffinch; length six inches; general colour of the plumage olive-green above, yellowish white beneath ; chin and vent yellow; quills ferruginous ; legs dusky.
Inhabits New Caledonia.
115.—STRIPED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa striata, Ind. Orn. ii. 481. Gm. Lin.i. 930. Miller, Ill. No. 15. A. B. Ph. Trans. \xii. p. 406. 428.
Sylvia striata, Vieill. Am. ii. p. 44.
Striped Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 349. Arct. Zool.ii. No. 277. Shaw's Zool. x. 370.
LENGTH five inches, breadth seven; weight half an ounce. Bill black, base beneath yellowish; crown black ; hindhead black and white; cheeks white; throat yellowish white, spotted with
FLYCATCHER. 293
brown; breast whitish; sides spotted with black ; belly white ; back greenish ash-colour, striped with black; ramp inclining to ash, and spotted with black ; on the wing coverts two bars, the upper one yellowish white, the lower white; tail brown, the outer feather with a spot of white on the inner web, the second the same, but smaller; the third only margined with white within; legs yellow, claws pale brown.
The female has a greenish yellow head, streaked with slender black lines; over the eyes a line of yellow; eyelids yellow; throat, cheeks, and breast, whitish yellow, sprinkled with oblong spots of brown, from the sides of the mouth to the breast; the rest as in the male, but more green on the back, and streaked more sparingly.
Inbabits North America, found at Severn River, only in summer, and feeds on grass seeds, &c.
116.—CINEREOUS FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa virens, Ind. Orn, ii. 482. Lin.i. 327. Gm Lin. i. 936.
——-— Carolinensis cinerea, Bris, 11. 368. Jd. 8vo. i. 261. Klein, 74. 7. Gobe-mouche brun de la Caroline, Buf. iv. 543.
Little brown Flycatcher, Cates. Car, i. 54.
Cinereous Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. in. 350. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 270. Shaw’s Zool. x. 363.
SIZE of the Spotted Flycatcher; length six inches. Bill black, depressed at the base, tip curved, yellow; head and upper parts dark ash-colour; the under yellowish white; wings brown, the second quills edged with white; tail even, brown, the outer web of the exterior feather yellowish half way from the base ; legs slender, black. The female differs but little, but is darker; but few hairs at the base of the bill in either sex.
Inhabits Carolina in summer, and departs in Autumn. Found im Georgia, where it is generally seen the whole year; builds the middle of May, in the hollow of an oak; the nest composed of swamp moss, pieces of the shed skin of a snake, and a few feathers ;
224 FLYCATCHER.
the eggs pale dusky white, marked with irregular chestnut, or red brown streaks, of different shapes, giving it a singular appearance. Is called in Georgia, Martin and Ree Weight, from its note.
One described by Mr. Abbot was seven inches long, and eleven broad.
A.—Muscicapa rapax, Wood Peewee Flycatcher, Am. Orn. ii. pl. 13. £5.
This is six inches long, and ten broad. Bill stout, and swelling, under mandible yellow; the plumage above greenish mouse-coloured brown; feathers of the crown darker than the rest, and elongated ; under parts of the body pale yellow, nearly white; legs slender.
This comes into Pennsylvania the beginning of May; found in low situations and in shady woods; it makes the nest on a limb or branch, chiefly of moss, without mud, and lined with soft materials ; the eggs generally five, and white: both sexes nearly alike; it has a singular note, somewhat like Petoway, petoway, petoway ; is not unlike the Pewit Flycatcher, but differs in manners: said in the Am. Orn. to be the same with the Cinereous Species.
117.—LESSER CRESTED FLYCATCHER. Muscicapa Acadica, Ind. Orn. 11. 489. Gm. Lin. i. 947. Vieill. Am.i. p.'71.
—-— querula, Small green Flycatcher, Am. Orn. ii. pl. 13. f. 3. Lesser-crested Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup.174. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 268. Shaw’s Zool. x. 381,
LENGTH five inches; extent of wing nine. Bill remarkably flat and broad, dusky above, and flesh-colour beneath; back part of the head crested; head, neck, and upper parts of the body dirty, pale, cinereous green; breast, and belly whitish, tinged with yellow; across the wings two yellowish white bars, and a pale ring round the eye; the breast darker than the rest of the under parts; wings and tail dusky; second quills edged with white; legs black. Male and female much alike.
FLYCATCHER. 925
Inhabits Nova Scotia; found in the deep woods of Pennsylvania, chiefly seen on the lower branches of trees; has a sharp squeak, also a querulous kind of note; builds on the upper part of a limb, and lays five white eggs; departs the beginning of September ; is a rare and solitary species; feeds on insects, bees, and huckle berries.
A similar bird, we believe the same, was communicated to us under the name of Swamp Flycatcher. Found in Georgia.
118.—BLACK-CAPPED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa fusca, Ind. Orn. ii. 483. Gm. Lin.i. 931. Vieill. Am. i. p. 68. pl. 40.
-— Phoebe, Ind. Orn. ii. 489. Gm. Lin. i. 946. 80. atra.
——-— Carolinensis fusca, Bris. ii. 365. Id. 8vo. i. 260. Klein, 74. 5.
-— Nunciola, Pewit Flycatcher, Amer. Orn. ii. pl, 13. f. 4..
Gobe-mouche noiratre de la Caroline, Buf. iv. 541.
Le Suiriri commun, Voy. d’Azara, iii. No. 179.
Dusky Flycatcher, Arct. Zool. ii. No. 275.
Phebe Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. 173.
Black-capped Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 353. Arct. Zool. ii, No, 269. Cates. Car. i. pl.53. Shaw’s Zool. x. 384.
SIZE of a Nightingale; length six inches and a quarter, extent of wings nine and a half. Bill black, bristly at the base; top of the head black; the rest of the upper parts brown ; the under yellowish white ; breast inclining to ash-colour; quills and secondaries dusky, the latter edged with white ; tail dusky, the outer web of the exterior feather white, a trifle hollowed at the end; legs black.
The female chiefly differs, in having the top of the head not so deep coloured, being dusky instead of black.
Inhabits Carolina and Pennsylvania, the first week in March, and departs in November; is a solitary bird, frequenting streams under, or near bridges, caves, Kc. sits on a twig and cries Pewee, Pewittee, pevee, for a whole morning; darts after insects, in the manner of its congeners; often flirts up the tail as the Wagtail ; is
silent towards the end of June; makes the nest on some projection, VOL. VI. Ge
226 FLYCATCHER.
under a shed, or eaves, coniposed of mud, mixed with moss; it is large and solid, and lined with flax or horse hair; the eggs five in number, pure white, with two or three dots of red at the large end ; is said to have two, or even three broods in a year; appears at New York the latter end of March, but retires before September; called there Pheebe Bird, or Bee-eater, as among other insects it is fond of bees.
119.—QUERULOUS FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa querula, Vieill. Am. i. p. 68. pl. 39. Wood Flycatcher, Shaw’s Zool. x. 378.
LENGTH five inches and one-third. Bill bent at the tip, brown, the under part yellow; plumage above grey, beneath white; wing coverts tipped with dirty white; legs dusky.
Inhabits America; comes into the United States in April, and departs in September ; called there the Smaller Peewee; has a plain- tive cry, chiefly at the time of perching ; builds in trees, and lays four dull white eggs, spotted with brown ; is not difficult of approach, especially when intent on seizing its prey, which is insects. It appears to be allied to the Black-capped Species, though the short description given does not amount to a certainty of the fact.
120.—RED-EYED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa olivacea, Ind. Orn. ii. 482. Lin.i. 327. Gm. Lin. i. 938. Vieill. Am.i. p. 71. Amer. Orn. ii. pl. 12. f. 8.
Muscicapa oculis rubris, Klein, 74. 6.
-— Jamaicensis, Bris.ii. 410. Id. Svo. i. 271.
Gobe-mouche de la Caroline, et dela Jamaique, Buf. iv. 539. —
Olive-coloured Flycatcher, Edw. p. 253.
Red-eyed Flycatcher, Gen. Syn.ii. 351. Arct. Zool. i. 271. Cates. Car. i. pl. 54. Brown, Jam. 456. Bartr. Tr. 288. Shaw’s Zool. x. p. 379.
LENGTH. five inches and a half. Bill lead-colour; pale at the base beneath, and beset with bristles, point hooked; irides red 3
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plumage above greenish olive-brown; through the eyes a brownish streak ; and above them a whitish one; the under parts greenish white; quills and tail deep olive, edged with white; under tail coverts, and beveath the wings, yellowish white; legs brown.
The female is like the male, but the colours more dull.
Inhabits Carolina in summer, and breeds there; common in the woods about Georgia, especially swamps, and where oaks grow; comes in the middle of March; sings early m spring and summer, with a Joud variable note, not unlike that of a Thrush, and is known there by the name of Hooked-billed Grey-pate ; builds frequently in trees haying a thick foliage, hanging over the water, from which it darts on flies and other passing insects. The nest is formed the beginning of May, of dried stalks outwardly, lined with hay; the egg reddish white, with small rufous specks, most numerous, and nearly confluent, at the larger end. It is also called by some the Black, striped-headed, Olive-back. Is seen in the winter months at Jamaica, where it is known by the name of Whip Tom Kelly. Said to be one of the adopted nurses of the Cowpen Oriole ;* and according to the Amer. Orn. makes a pensile nest, between two twigs of dogwood, or other small sapling, four or five feet from the ground.
A.—Muscicapa Canadensis olivacea, Bris. ii. 408. Id. 8vo.i, 271.
This differs in wanting the pale streak over the eyes; but has two pale bands across the wings; under parts yellowish white.
Inhabits Canada.—I received one, shot at Albany Fort, the 4th of June. I have also seen a bird from India, very little differing ; it was brown above, whitish beneath; through the eye a blackish line, and over it a white one; between the bill and eye pale. In this the irides were not red, but pale reddish brown; but this difference was remarked in a drawing of one from Georgia, in which the irides were also brown.
* See Vol. iii. p. 100. Ge2
298 FLYCATCHER.
121.—W ARBLING FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa melodia, Warbling Flycatcher, 4m. Orn. v. p. 85. pl.42. f.2. Shaw’s Zool. x. 382.
THIS is five inches and a half long, and eight inches and a half in extent. Bill dull lead-colour above, and notched near the point, beneath pale flesh-colour; the irides dark hazel; sides of the head, including the eye, and all the under parts white, with a pale greenish yellow tinge near the breast; upper parts pale green olive, inclining a little to ash on the head; wings brown, broadly edged with pale olive green ; tail slightly forked, edged with olive; legs pale lead- colour. Male and female nearly alike.
Inhabits North America; it arrives in Pennsylvania about the’ middle of April, and departs late, having been heard in October ; it inhabits the thick foliage of orchards and high trees; the voice is soft, tender, and soothing ; often heard among the weeping willows, and Lombardy poplars, rarely in the woods: gleans among the leaves, occasionally darting after winged insects, and searching for caterpillars ; its general appearance resembles the Red-eyed Fly- catcher, but on close inspection, differs in many particulars: it has no white on the wings, and, in the figure given, there is no Huet ance of hairs at the bill; the irides also differ in colour.
122.—CHATTERING FLYCATCHER.
- Muscicapa viridis, Ind. Orn. ii. 482. Gm. Lin. i. 936. Icteria dumicola, Vieill, Am. i. p. 85. pl. 55? Merula viridis Carolinensis, Bris. ii. 315. Id. 8vo.i. 245. Pipra polyglotta, Yellow-breasted Chat, Am. Orn.i. pl. 6. f. 2. Turdus pectore luteo, Klein, 69, 26.
FLYCATCHER. 229
Merle vert dela Caroline, Buf. iii. 396.
Yellow-breasted Chat, Cates. Car.i. 50. Burtr. Trav. 300.
Chattering Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. ni. 359. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 266. Shaw’s Zool. x. pl. 356.
LENGTH seven inches and a half. Bill ten lines, black, strong, slightly bent, ridged at the top; nostrils oval, half covered by a membrane; head and upper parts of the body dull green; over the eye a streak of white, and beneath a small white spot; in the direction of the jaw a slender line of white; the lore black, curving beneath the eye; throat, and beneath, as far as the belly, yellow; from thence to the vent dirty white; quills dull green; tail brown; legs black.
Inhabits Carolina and Pennsylvania, but rarely within 2 or 300 miles of the sea; frequents the banks of great rivers, and is very shy ; flies with extended wing; sings well, and with great variety ; imitates various creatures, and has the faculty of uttermg a coarse, hollow, sounding noise in the throat or crop, seeming at one time to be ata great distance, at another very near; comes in May, and after breed- ing, returns in autumn.
M. Vieillot thinks this bird to have great affinity to the Oriole, in the bill, but as, in his opinion, it is neither Thrush, Flycatcher, nor Oriole, he has formed a new Genus for it: he describes it as only six inches, two lines in length: the male grey-green, with two white streaks on each side of the head, one passing round the eye; on the side of the head also a black spot; throat and breast orange yellow; the belly white ; tail slightly cuneiform. The female less bright, and no black on the sides of the head. Young birds are greenish grey above, and very pale yellow on the throat and breast.
They feed on the Carolina nightshade.*
According to the Amer. Orn. the female has the black and white about the eye less pure; inside of the mouth dirty flesh-colour, which, in the male, is black; that it arrives the first week in May, and
* Solanum Carolinense,—Lin.
230 FLYCATCHER.
returns the middle of August, the males coming first; builds in the brambles, bushes, and thickets; the nest of dry leaves, four or five feet from the ground; lays four flesh-coloured eggs, spotted with red or brown ; is fond of large black beetles, &c. likewise whortle berries: most numerous on the borders of rivulets; frequently seen in Guiana and Brazil, but not in the Islands.
123.—_MARTINICO FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Martinica, Ind. Orn. ii. 483. Lin. i. 325. Gm. Lin. i. 930. Muscicapa Martinica cristata, Bris. ii. 362. t.36. 2. Id. 8vo. i. 259. Martinico Flycatcher, Gen. Sy. iii. 352. Shaw's Zool. x. 377.
LENGTH six inches. Bill brown, base hairy; feathers of the head and upper parts brown; those of the crown long, whitish at the base, and when erected into a crest, appear mixed ; under parts ash-coloured ; quills brown, with whitish edges; tail brown ; legs ash-colour.—Inhabits Martinico.
A.—Muscicapa albicapilla, Vieill. Am.i. p. 66. pl. 37.
Length five inches and a half. Bill brown; legs dusky; crown of the head white, the feathers elongated, so as to form a crest, and towards the end greenish grey; plumage in general above greenish grey; breast white in the middle, and yellow on the sides ; under the wings grey; chin and throat greyish blue; across the wing coverts two whitish bars; tail brown, nearly even at the end, and the wings reach to about one-third on it. ‘The female is chiefly brown above, and white beneath.
Inhabits St. Domingo, and the adjacent Islands; is probably a Variety of the last described, if not differing: in sex.
FLYCATCHER. 931
124_GOLDEN-THROATED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa ochroleuca, Ind. Orn.ii. 489. Gm. Lin. i. 946. Vieill. Am. iii. p. 46. Golden-throated Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. 173. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 276. Shaw's Zool. x. 375.
CROWN of the head, and upper parts of the neck and body dirty olive; throat and ridge of the wing very rich yellow; breast and belly white, tinged with yellow; the primaries and tail bright
olive green. Inhabits New-York.
125.—_CANADA FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Canadensis, Ind. Orn. ii: 484. Lin. i. 327. Gm. Lin.i. 937. ———__——. cinerea, Bris. ii. 406. t. 39. 4. Id. 8vo. i. 270. Canada Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iti. 354. Arct. Zool. 11. No. 273.
LENGTH four inches and a half. Bill grey brown, with bristles at the base ; irides hazel; crown of the head cinereous, spotted with black ; between the bill and eye, and round the latter, yellow ; beneath the eye black, descending on each side of the throat ; upper parts of the plumage cinereous, the under yellow; the fore part of the neck marked with small black spots; under tail coverts nearly white ; wing coverts cinereous, within grey brown; quills and tail brown, edged with cinereous; legs pale yellow.
Inhabits Canada ; also occasionally met with in Georgia, as Mr. Abbot has now and then seen it im Savannah River swamp; he describes it under the name of Spotted Grey Pate, but with some little difference; for in that, the crown is cinereous, spotted with black ; from the nostrils a yellow streak over the eye, and also under it, except between the eye and gape, which is black ; on each side of the neck, beginning under the yellow beneath the eye, a streak
232 FLYCATCHER.
composed of black spots, and communicating with the black lore; wings and tail somewhat darker than the back. This seems to differ from the other in sex; is said to be solitary, in the lower part of Pennsylvania rather scarce ; more common in the interior, especially among the mountains. Only two specimens were met with. Mr. Vieillot thinks it much allied to the Blackburnian Warbler.
126.—BLACK-HEADED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Ruticilla, Ind. Orn. ii. 473. Lin. i. 236. Gm. Lin.i. 935. Vieill. Am. i. p- 66. pl. 35.36. Amer. Orn.i. pl. 6. f. 6.—male. Jd.v. p. 119. pl. 45. f. 2.— female.
Muscicapa Americana, Bris. ii. 383. Id. 8vo. i. 264.
Motacilla flavicauda, Gm. Lin. i. 997.
Serino affinis e croceo et nigro varia, Rati, 188. Sloan. Jam. 312. Klein, 89.
Ruticilla Americana, Redstart, Bartr. Tr. 290.
Le petit noir Aurore, Buf. iv. 546.
Gobe-mouche d’Amerique, Pl. enl. 566. 1.
Small American Redstart, Edw. pl. 80. Cates. Car. i. pl. 67.—male.
Yellow-tailed Flycatcher, Edw. pl. 257.—female.
--——— Warbler, Arct. Zool. ii. No. 301.
Black-headed Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 427. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 282.—male. Id. 301.— female. Shaw’s Zool. x. 362.
SIZE of the Pettichaps; length four inches and three quarters. Bill blackish, base broad, and bristly ; head, neck, and upper parts, black ; wings black, with an orange bar across the middle; sides of the body orange; belly, thighs, and vent, pale orange; tail orange, with one-third of the feathers from the end black, but the two middle ones are wholly black ; legs brown.
In the female the upper parts are brownish ash-colour, the under white; wings, sides of the body, and tail, the same as in the male, but yellow instead of orange.
Tnhabits the shady woods of North America, as far as Hudson’s Bay in summer; departing southward in winter; at that time found
FLYCATCHER. 233
in Jamaica, and the neighbouring Islands. Is seen in Georgia ‘throughout the summer, in the swamps, and oak woods, but is not a common species. '
The young males, of the second spring, sing like the adult bird, but are scarcely to be distinguished from the females in colour, except in having a yellow bar across the wing, nor do they acquire the full plumage till the end of the second summer. This species is called in Georgia, Broad Tail, as it often hovers on a branch spreading the tail and wings. Mr. Abbot describes the length as six inches and a half, and breadth eight and a half.
The Amer. Orn. says, it builds on low bushes, in the fork of a small sapling, a few feet from the ground ; the nest of hay, mixed with lichen, and lined with very soft downy substances. The eggs white, sprinkled with grey, and specks of blackish.
127.—RUFOUS AND BLACK FLYCATCHER.
Sylvia multicolor, Ind. Orn. ii. 541.
Motacilla multicolor, Gm. Lin. i. 972.
Figuier noir et jaune de Cayenne, Pl. enl. 391.2. Buf. v. 314. Rufous and black Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 493.
LENGTH five inches. Bill brown; head, throat, and upper parts of the body and wings, black, the larger coverts tipped with rufous, forming a band on the wing; sides of the neck and breast rufous; but the middle of the breast, belly, and vent, is white ; tail from the base to the middle deep rufous, from thence black, the two middle feathers wholly black ; legs brown.
Inhabits Cayenne, but is rare ; it seems to have so many things m common with the Black-headed Flycatcher, that we cannot but consider it as one remove only from that species. A pair sent from
Georgia had the orange very high coloured; the middle of the VOL. VI. Hu
234 FLYCATCHER.
breast mixed with black ; sides under the wings high orange; belly and vent flesh-coloured white; under wing coverts buff; under tail coverts black ; the wings reaching about half way on the tail.
128.—FERRUGINOUS FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa ferruginea, Ind. Orn. ii. 477. Gm. Lin. i. 947. Merrem, Ic. p. 19. t. 6. Ferruginous Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. 11. 214. Shaw’s Zool. x. 395.
SIZE of a Goldfinch; length five inches and a half. Bill black, depressed at the base, the edges chestnut; plumage in general grey brown, beneath yellowish white; throat white ; wings black; mar- gins of the quills ferruginous; tail short, and black; and the wings, when closed, reach to the base.—Inhabits Carolina.
129.—CINNAMON FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa cinnamomea, Ind. Orn. ii. 484. Gm. Lin. i. 937. Cinnamon Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 354.
LENGTH eight inches. Bill stout, rather straight, and black ; the base furnished with bristles; plumage in general yellowish cin- namon-colour, in different shades ; the ramp, and under parts much paler, almost yellow; wing coverts tipped with yellow, forming a band on the wings; quills dusky, margined with ferruginous.
Inhabits Cayenne.
130.--YELLOW-RUMPED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa spadicea, Ind. Orn. ti. 484. Gm. Lin. i. 937. Yellow-rumped Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 354. Shaw’s Zool. x. 403.
LENGTH seven inches. Bill one inch, brown, base bristly ; plumage above reddish brown ; wing coverts margined with rufous;
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quills brown; ramp yellow; belly and vent buff-colour ; tail even at the end, three inches in Jength, and of the same colour as the quills.—Inhabits Cayenne with the last.
131.—CAYENNE FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Cayanensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 484. Lin. i. 327. Gm. Lins i. 937. Bris. i1. 404. t. 38. 4. Id. 8vo. 1. 270.
Gobe-mouche a ventre jaune, Buf. iv. 550. Pl.enl. 569. 2.
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. ii. 359.
Cayenne Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 355. Id. Sup. 173. Shaw’s Zool. x. 358.
LENGTH seven inches and a quarter. — Bill dusky, beset with bristles ; top of the head brown ; the feathers down the middle yellow at the base; from the bill over the eye, to the hindhead, a streak of white ; before and behind the eye a deep brown spot; all the upper parts of the body brown, edged with olive; upper wing and tail coverts brown, with rufous edges; chin white ; the rest of the under parts yellow ; quills and tail brown, with rufous edges; legs blackish.
Inhabits Cayenne.— Buffon mentions one with a conspicuous fine yellow streak on the crown, which is probably the male. One from Berbice, in the collection of Mr. Mc. Leay, was named Telale.
132.—DWARF FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa pygmea, Ind. Orn.ii. 488. Gm. Lin. i. 933. Le petit Gobe-mouche, Gobe-moucheron, Buf. iv. 554, PI. enl. 831. 2. Dwarf Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 363. Shaw’s Zool. x. 246.
THIS is scarcely three inches long; bill in proportion, a little curved at the point, and dusky; head and neck behind rufous,
spotted with black; back and wing coverts deep ash-colour, with Hu2
936 FLYCATCHER.
greenish edges; wings black, edges of the feathers grey; all the under parts straw-colour; tail short, black; scapulars and rump pale ash; under the eye a pale streak ; legs flesh-colour.
A.—Length three inches and a half. Bill half an inch, brown, the under mandible whitish ; head and neck ferruginous, streaked with black ; forehead plain; wings black, the coverts marked with white at the tips, forming two rows of spots; quills black, edged with white; back black, with some white markings; rump ash- colour ; tail black, very short, all but the two middle feathers tipped with white; beneath the body rufous, very pale, with dusky streaks ; chin white ; legs bluish.
Inhabits South America.—In the collection of Mr. Bullock.—It has hitherto been received as a Flycatcher, but there are no hairs at the base of the bill, insomuch as to rank it with the Warblers; yet, no doubt, this might be determined by the manners. ‘This appears to be the male of the Dwarf Species.
133.—PETTY FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa minuta, Ind. Orn. ii. 488. Gm. Lin. i. 933. Gobe-moucheron, Buf. iv. 553. Petty Flycatcher, Gen. Syz. iii. 364. Shaw's Zool. x. 347.
THIS is somewhat larger than the last. Plumage deep olive grey, tinged with green on the upper parts of the back and belly ; wings blackish, here and there streaked with yellowish white.
Inhabits Cayenne, and other parts of South America, which abounds with the greatest variety.of the Flycatcher tribe; a proper check to the myriads of insects, the scourge of those parts.
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134.—MINUTE FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa minuta, Minute Flycatcher, Am. Orn. vi. 62. pl. 5. f, 5.
LENGTH five inches, extent of wing eight. Bill broad at the base, furnished with bristles, and notched near the tip; irides dark hazel ; head remarkably small; the upper parts of the plumage dull yellow olive; wings dusky brown, edged with lighter; greater and lesser coverts tipped with white; body beneath dirty white, tinged with dull yellow, particularly on the upper part of the breast; tail dusky brown, with a white spot on the inner vanes of the two exterior feathers ; feet yellowish. .
Inhabits North America; found in the swamps of New Jersey in June, where it is supposed to breed; the one from which the above description is taken, shot in an orchard, 24th April.
135.—FORK-TAILED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Tyrannus, Ind. Orn. ii. 484. Lin. i. 325. Gm. Lin.i. 931. Vieill. Am.1. p. 72. pl. 43.
Tyrannus cauda bifurca, Bris. 1. 395. t. 39.3. Id. 8vo. i. 268.
Savana, Tyran 4 Queue fourchue, Buf. iv. 557. pl. 26. Pl. enl. 571. 2.
Les petits Ciseaux, Voy. d’Azara, iii. No. 190.
Muscicapa Nunciola, Pewit, or Black Cap Flycatcher, Bartr. 287.
Fork-tailed Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 355, Arct. Zool. ii. No. 365.
SIZE in the body of a large Lark; length fourteen inches. Bill black, at the base a few bristles; upper part and sides of the head black; on the middle of the crown the feathers are yellow at the base; neck behind, back, rump, and scapulars, cinereous ; upper tail coverts black ; all the under parts white ; lesser wing coverts cine- reous, greater brown; quills brown, with the inner margins white ; tai] greatly forked, the outer feather being nine inches in length, and
238 FLYCATCHER.
the middle ones not two; all of them black, but the outmost has the exterior web white for half its length ; legs black.
In some birds the yellow on the crown is wanting, and such are probably females; in others the outer margins of the quills are white, as well as the inner.
Inhabits Canada, and from thence to Surinam, but no where common. The Canadian one has black temples, and a cinereous back; but in that from Surinam-the body is black. This species extends to Buenos Ayres, and Monte Video. The Guaranis there call it Guira Yetapa (Scissars Bird) from its opening and closing the tail feathers, like a pair of scissars. Comes into Paraguay the middle of September, and departs in March; found chiefly in moist places, and streams near woods; is a bold bird, and will attack others; a nest, supposed to belong to this, was large, made of earth without, and small roots within, lined with a cottony substance ; it contained three young, and one white egg, spotted brown and rufous. M. Nosada says, he has found the nests several times, that they are small, made of leaves, and pieces of bark, and the eggs white.
136.—SWALLOW-TAILED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa forficata, Ind. Orn. ii. 485. Gm. Lin.i. 931. Vieill. Am. i. p. 71. Moucherolle 4 Queue fourchue du Mexique, Buf. iv. 564. Pl. enl. 677. Great crested Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, Bartr. p. 287.
Swallow-tailed Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 356. Shaw's Zool. x. 413. pl. 33.
LENGTH ten inches. — Bill straight, compressed, weak, black ; irides red ; head and back light grey, with a reddish tinge; under parts of the body white; sides and beneath the wing red, and when closed, this colour appears ‘just above the bend ; lesser: wing coverts ash-colour, with pale edges, giving the appearance of scales; greater
FLYCATCHER. 239
wing coverts marked im the same manner, but blackish ; quills black, edged with grey; tail greatly forked, and half the length of the rest of the bird; the outer feathers five inches, the middle only two, colour black, edged with rufous grey, the outer ones white on the exterior web for half the length; legs black: in some the tail is much shorter.
Inhabits Mexico: seems much allied to the last.
137.—YIPERU FLYCATCHER. L’Yiperu, Voy. d’Azara, iv. No. 75.
THIS singular bird is about the size of the others, but including the long tail feathers is fifteen inches and three quarters long, and fifteen inches in extent of wing. Bill seven lines long, broad at the base, five lines thick, a trifle curved, with a hollow at the base of the upper mandible, and a notch near the point; behind the eye a bright rufous spot, which extends over the ear, and passes down on each side of the neck; at the nostrils some hairs, reaching to the corners of the mouth; throat, belly, and under wing coverts, white; head, breast, the whole neck, the rufous curved streak excepted, pale lead-colour ; shafts of the feathers brown, with the points unwebbed ; back and wing coverts dusky, the inner greater ones brown at the ends; quills brown, becoming black towards the points, which are in part whitish ; the outer quills have the exterior margins inclined to rufous, the others whitish, and some brown; hence arises a rufous spot, which is yellowish beneath ; tail feathers greatly forked: the first ten inches long; the second three inches and three quarters ; third five inches and three quarters; fourth six inches and _ five- twelfths ; fifth seven inches; and the two middle seven inches and a half, and are pointed at the ends; legs large and rough. Male and female much alike.
240 FLYCATCHER.
This bird, which the Guaranis call Yiperu, is by some called Yetapa (Scissars) from the forked tail, and its manner of opening and closing in flight ; it is not rare in Paraguay, but rarely seen elsewhere ; found in small flocks in the marshes, and their vicinity, often perched on the reeds, and low shrubs, springing on the winged insects flying by; frequently on the ground, searching for worms, &c. has a strong and simple note. According to Azara, this bird has not been yet described, or figured, but from its manner seems clearly to belong to the Flycatcher Genus.
138.—WAVED TYRANT FLYCATCHER.
LENGTH nine inches. Bill yellowish, rather stout, but no visible notch in the upper mandible, and continued in a bare narrow space, like a lore, to the eye; top of the head, and sides, dusky black; down the middle of the crown dusky, or brownish orange; chin pale yellow green; round the neck white, some of the feathers behind edged with black; body in general pale greenish yellow, waved with irregular crescents of black ; not unlike the under parts of the Ground Parrot; vent plain greenish yellow; wings black ; tail long, forked, the inner feathers shortest, measuring only one inch and three quarters; the outer four inches; colour dusky, but green on the outer webs for the most part; legs three quarters of an inch long, pale, claws moderate.
Inhabits South America, not uncommon at Rio Janeire. The above account taken from a specimen at Mr. Pilkington’s, King’s Road. It approaches in the bill to that of a Shrike, being some- what stouter than the foregoing, but has no notch. I am indebted for the above to General Davies.
FLYCATCHER. 241
139.—TYRANT FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa ferox, Ind. Orn. ii. 485. Gm. Lin. i. 934. Tyrannus Cayanensis, Bris. ii. 398. Id. 8vo. i, 268.
Le Suiriri brun et plombé, Voy. d’Azara, in, No. 185. 186? Tyran de Cayenne, Buf. iv. 581.
Tyrant Flycatcher, Gen, Syn. i. 357.
SIZE of the Red-backed Shrike; length seven inches. Bill brown, about the base and the nostrils some long hairs; head, upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, deep brown ; from the chin to breast ash-colour; beyond this to the tail, and under wing coverts, pale yellow; thighs olive-brown; greater wing coverts, quills, and tail, edged with olive; legs blackish.
The female differs, in having the colours paler.
Inhabits Cayenne, and extends to Paraguay.—One in the collection of Mr. Mc. Leay, was full eight inches in length, and came from Berbice, by the name of Wirikoetoeri.
A.—Muscicapa flaviventris, Vieill. Am.i. p. 70.
Tyrannus Cayanensis minor, Bris. 11. 400. Jd. 8vo.i. 269.
Le grand Suririri brun et jaune, Voy. d’Azara, in. No. 194, 195, 193 ? Petit Tyran de Cayenne, Pl. enl. 571. 1.
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, Shaw’s Zool. x. 342.
Tyrant Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 358. A,
This differs in being smaller; in colour much the same, except, that in this bird the brown inclines mere to rufous, and the wing coverts have pale edges; that in the Pl. enlum. has a brown spot on the ears. It procures the food both on the ground and in the air; is very long sighted, distinguishing clearly at thirty feet distance, rarely in pairs unless in breeding time; has a sharp cry, to be heard far off:
it frequently sets up the feathers of the crown; hence by some is called Crested Lark.
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242 FLYCATCHER.
140.—CRESTED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa crinita, Ind. Orn. ii. 485. Lin. i. 825. Gm. Lin. i. 934. Vieill. Am.i. p- 75. pl. 45. Amer. Orn. ii. pl. 13. f. 2.—Bird & Egg.
Muscicapa Virginiana cristata, Bris. ii. 412. Id. 8vo. 1. 272.
Le Suiriri guazu, Voy. d’Asara, i. No. 198.
Gobe-mouche huppé de Virginie, P/. enl. 569. 1. Buf. iv. 565.
Crested Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. ii. 357. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 267. Cates. Car. i. pl. 52. Gent. Mag. xxii. pl. in p. 556.
LENGTH eight inches and a half, breadth twelve and a half. Bill black, one inch long, stout, depressed, and bristly at the base ; irides hazel ; head crested, dull green; hind part of the neck and back the same; wing and tail coverts brown; margins of the quills within, and under wing coverts, pale yellow; beneath from chin to breast ash-colour, from thence to the vent yellow; quills and tail brown, the edges of the former chestnut, the latter even at the end, the two middle feathers plain, the others chestnut on the inner webs ; the quills reach to about the middle of the tail ; legs very short, and black. The female differs but little, except in the colours being less bright. 3
Inhabits Carolina and Virginia in summer, retiring in autumn; at the same time is seen in Georgia, and there called by some the Flat Head; for the crown, when the feathers are not erected, has a flat appearance ; builds there the beginning of May: the nest com- posed outwardly of dried leaves and moss, lined with finer moss and hay ; the female lays five very pale green eggs, marked with nume- rous small brown dots, nearly all over alike; feeds on bees, and other insects, also berries, particularly huckle berries.*
The Crested Species comes into Paraguay in September, and goes away in spring; never seen on the ground, on account of the shortness of the legs; sits on a branch, and from thence springs on
* Vaccinium macrocarpon.
FLYCATCHER. 243
the passing insects, spying them even at 300 feet distance, and bringing them back to the place it sprang from to eat them ; sometimes will catch them on the wing like the Swallow. The nest is not at all concealed, flat, and just large enough to contain three or four white eggs, surrounded with a zone of reddish at the large end. The young soon attain the adult plumage.
141.—LOUISIANE FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Ludoviciana, Ind. Orn. ii. 486. Gm. Lin. i. 934. Vieill. Am.i. p. 75. Le Tyran de la Louisiane, Buft iv. 583. Louisiane Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 358. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 264.
SIZE of the last. Bill long, flat, a trifle bent, and furnished with hairs at the base; head, neck behind, and back, grey brown ; throat slate-colour ; belly yellowish ; on the greater wing coverts a mixture of white; quills pale rufous; tail cinereous brown, edged with rufous.
Inhabits Louisiana; thought by M. Vieillot to be the same with the last.
142.—YELLOW-CROWNED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa audax, Ind. Orn. ii. 486. Gm. Lin.i. 934,
Le Suiriri tacheté en dessous, Voy. d’Azara, iii, No. 187. Gobe-mouche tacheté de Cayenne, Pi. en/. 453. 2.
Le Caudec, Buf. iv. 582.
Yellow-crowned Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 358. Shaw’s Zool. x. 369.
LENGTH eight inches. Bill stout, black, one inch and a quarter long, bent at the tip, and hairy at the base; irides brown; crown of the head yellow ; forehead, between that and the eyes, the chin, and throat, white; through the eye a dusky streak ; upper parts of
the body and wings dusky, the feathers edged with rufous brown; Ir2
244 FLYCATCHER.
rump and tail ferruginous; the middle of the feathers of the back dusky; under parts from the breast pale yellow, with long, narrow, black streaks on the sides; middle of the belly and thighs plain; legs dusky blue.
The female wants the yellow on the head, and in some of the males the spot is orange-coloured.
Inhabits the creeks at Cayenne, and perches on the low branches of trees, especially the Mangroves, catching the insects which fre- quent the water: is a bold and audacious bird. Met with also in Paraguay, where it passes the summer, for the most part on the borders of rivers.
143—ORANGE-CROWNED FLYCATCHER.
LENGTH four inches and three quarters. Bill somewhat broad at the base, but stout; whole crown and nape fine high orange- yellow ; body above, wings, and tail, olive-brown ; beneath to the breast pale cinereous, from thence to the vent very pale, dull yellow ; wings reach nearly to the end of the tail; legs pale brown.
This, we believe, inhabits Trinidad.—In the collection of Lord Seaforth. It is very like the Tyrant Flycatcher; but from bemg scarcely half the size is probably a distinct species.
In the collection of Lord Stanley is a similar one, and of the same size. Bill the same, pale at the base; crown orange; back brown; wings dusky, with two buff bars across the coverts ; margins of the quills very pale; tail even, brown, two inches long, the outer feather pale on the outer web; under parts of the body dusky white, much streaked, and blended with brown on the breast ; vent yellowish white; legs longish, black ; the wings reach one-fourth on the tail.
Said to inhabit the Island of Trinidad, and probably differs from the other in sex.
FLYCATCHER. 945
144.—WHISKERED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa barbata, Ind. Orn. ii. 488. — Gin. Lin. i. 933.
Le Lindo brun a huppe jaune, Voy. d’ Azara, ui. No. 101. Barbichon de Cayenne, Buf. iv. 534. Pl. enl. 830. 1. 2. Whiskered Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 364. Shaw’s Zool. x. 352.
LENGTH five inches. Bill broad at the base, and flat, as in the Tody, base beset with hairs, reaching beyond the end of the bill ; the plumage above deep olive brown, but the crown of the head is orange; under parts of the body greenish yellow; changing to yellow on the ramp; legs brown.
The female is a trifle larger, the bill less, and with fewer hairs ; upper parts of the plumage blackish brown, tinged with green; on the crown an oblong yellow spot; throat, and upper part of the neck whitish ; the lower and breast brown, edges of the feathers yellowish ; belly and vent pale yellow : in the Pl. enlum. the tail of the female is longer than in the male.
Inhabits Cayenne ; chiefly seen in pairs ; the nest generally placed on such branches as are least clothed with leaves, and of a large size, being twelve inches deep, and five, or more, in diameter, wholly composed of moss, and is only open on one side, about three or four inches from the top; the note is a soft whistle. This appears to be the one I have quoted from Azara, which he says inhabits the forests of Paraguay, in preference to the open spots, and though for the most part seen in pairs, is sometimes in small flocks; but in this case it may be observed, that both sexes are in company. M. d’Azara says the female has no crest, and the yellow colour is mixed with brown.
246 FLYCATCHER.
145.—ROUND-CRESTED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa coronata, Ind. Orn. ii. 487. Gm. Lin. is 932.
Le Churrinaha, Voy. d’?Azara, ii. No. 177.
Gobe-mouche rouge huppé, Rubin, Buf. iv. 547... Pl. enl. 675. 2.
Round-crested Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 362. Nat. Mise.'pl. 569. Shaw’s Zool. x. 412.
LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill brown; head furnished with a singular tuft or crest, rounded at top, and somewhat flattened on the sides, reaching as far as the nape; this crest, sides of the head, and all the under parts fine crimson ; rest of the body, wings, and tail brown; quills edged with grey: legs reddish.
The female has no crest, the colours much paler, and instead of the full crimson, those parts are only tinged with it.
Inhabits the borders of the Amazons River, in South America, and known there by the name of Putillas; the natives call it Gui- rapita or Red Bird ; said to be sedentary, and every where a rare species. M.d’Azara says both sexes are alike when adult; we may therefore suppose, that theone thought to be the female, may only be a young bird.
146.-STREAKED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa virgata, Ind. Orn. ii. 486, Gm. Lin. i. 948. Gobe-mouche tacheté de Cayenne, Buf. iv. 545. Pl, enl. 574. 3. Streaked Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. ii. 368. Shaw’s Zool. x. 336.
LENGTH four inches and a half. . Bill black; crown a little crested, ash-colour; mixed» with yellow; upper parts of the body brown; on the wing coverts two rufous bars; the quills edged with rufous, some of the secondaries edged with white; under parts of the body brownish white, dashed with longitudinal streaks of brown ; legs brown.—Inhabits Cayenne.
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147—HANGING FLYCATCHER.
ls Noveboracensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 482. Gm. Lin.i. 947. Cantatrix, White-eyed Flycatcher, Amer, Orn.ii. pl. 18. f. 6. Vireo-musicus, Vieill. Am. i. p. 83. pl. 52.
Green Flycatcher, Arct. Zool. ii. No. 274,
Hanging Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. 174. Shaw’s Zool. x. 366.
LENGTH from four to five inches. Bill and legs bluish black ; head cinereous green; on each side of the bill a yellow spot; back and wing coverts pale green; on the last two white bars; prime quills and tail dusky, edged with green; throat pale ash-colour, approaching to white; middle of the belly white; sides fine yellow.
Inhabits New York, coming in May, and after breeding, departs in August; is a scarce species: sent to England by the name of Small Green Hanging Bird. Found in Georgia, and feeds on insects, sometimes on berries; makes the nest on the top of a shrub, suspended ; in size about half as big as-that.of the Chaffinch, and equally elegant in structure, formed of wool, lichen, &c.; the eggs five in number, dirty white, spotted with green, or dusky purple; the note similar to Tritri, when any one approaches the nest ; sings agreeably during its stay, and the voice strong ; departs in troops of five or six, about September.
The female has the top of the head green; beneath, and the ends of the wing coverts, yellowish white : said to breed twice in a season. This is one of the adopted nurses of the Cowpen Oriole, which, like the Cuckow, lays eggs in the nests of other birds.
148—PETECHIAL FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa petechia, Ind. Orn. ii, 486. Lin.i. 328. Gm. Lin. i. 948; Martinicana fusca, Bris, i. 361. t 38. 1. Jd. 8vo. i. 259. Gobe-mouche brun de la Martinique, Pl. enl. 568. 2.
248 FLYCATCHER.
Moucherolle brun de la Martinique, Buf. iv. 563. Petechial Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 360. Shaw’s Zool. x. 396.
LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill black ; plumage above deep brown; throat deep rufous; fore part of the neck and breast cinereous brown; from thence to the vent cinereous, with rufous spots ; under tail coverts rufous; quills brown; tail deeper brown ; all, except the two middle feathers, edged with paler brown and white.—Inhabits Martinico.
149.—ACTIVE FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa agilis, Ind. Orn. ii. 486. Gm. Lin. i. 948. Gobe-mouche olive de Cayenne, Buf. iv. 544. Pl. enl. 574. 2. Active Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 368. Shaw's Zool.-x. 415.
SIZE small. Bill blackish, with a few weak bristles at the base; plumage above olive-brown; beneath dirty white, inclining to rufous on the throat; quills and tail dusky black, edged with olive brown; the last longish; legs brown.
Inhabits Cayenne; lives on insects, which it is continually making short flights after in summer; and in defect of these, searches after them on the bark of trees, in the manner of the Wren.
150.—SURINAM FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Surinama, Ind. Orn. ii. 487. Lin. i. 325. Gm. Lin. i, 932. Surinam Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 361. Shaw’s Zool. x. 340.
SIZE uncertain. Upper parts of the plumage black, the under white ; tail rounded, tipped with white. Inhabits Suryyam.—The above taken from Linnzus’s description.
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151.—CAT FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa Carolinensis, Ind. Orn.ii. 483. Lin. i. 328. Gm. Lin.i. 946.
— Virginiana fusca, Bris. 11. 365. Id. 8vo.i. 260.
Turdus felivox, Vietll. Am. i. p. 16. pl. 67.
Grive rousse et noiratre, Voy. d’ Azara, in. No. 79.
Moucherolle de Virginie, Buf.iv. 562.
Cat Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. ui. 353. Id. Sup.ii. 218. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 272. Cates. Car. i. pl. 66. Bartr. Trav. 288. 298. Shaw's Zool. x. 272.
LENGTH eight inches. Bill black, with a very slight notch near the tip, and a few hairs at the gape; nostrils pervious; irides dark brown; top of the head, including the eyes, and the nape, black ; plumage in general deep lead-colour above, pale ash beneath; edges of the quills dusky grey; the under tail coverts dirty red, or chestnut; tail rounded, the two middle feathers four inches long ; the outmost three; colour black ; the exterior paler on the outer web at the end; legs brown.
Inhabits Virginia, Pennsylvania, Georgia, and other places of America in Summer, breeding in the gardens and groves; the eggs blue ; has a cry resembling that of a cat; besides which, according to Bartram, it is a general mimic, at times attempting to imitate every bird and animal: and frequently teases the hens, by crying like chickens in distress; will also learn to rehearse songs, as well as repeat melodious airs from instrumental music, even in a state of nature; besides this, it must be called-an eminent songster, and the first bird to be heard at the break of day; little inferior 1o the Mock Bird, m respect to its own note, though greatly superior to it in mimicking others. It feeds on fruits, also on creeping insects, but not observed to take them on the wing.
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152.—RUFOUS-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa cinerea, Ind. Orn. 11. 488. Gm. Lin.i. 933. — Cayanensis rufa, Bris. Sup. 51. t.3. f.3. Id. Svo. i. 277. Rufous-bellied Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. ili. 363. Shaw’s Zool. x. 388.
LENGTH eight inches and a quarter. Bill one inch and a quarter long, dusky, bristly at the base; the under mandible grey ; head, neck behind, and sides, deep ash-colour; the feathers of the crown with dark shafts; back rufous-brown; throat and neck before ash-colour, margins of the feathers white; rump,upper tail coverts, and breast bright rufous, from thence to the vent the same, but paler ; wings as the back, the feathers edged with rufous, or rufous brown ; tail bright rufous; legs brown.
Inhabits Cayenne.—A specimen, in the collection of General Davies, had the belly yellowish white.
A.—One, which is probably a Variety, is smaller. Bill, as in the other; plumage above rufous olive; beneath pale rufous; rump bright rufous; tail even, or very little rounded at the end; length of it two inchesandahalf. The wings reach very little beyond the base.
This also came from Cayenne.
153.—RUFOUS FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa rufescens, Ind. Orn. ii. 487. Gm. Lin. 1. 932. Gobe-mouche roux de Cayenne, Buf. iv. 543. PI. enl. 453. 1. Rufous Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 362. Shaw’s Zool. x. 389.
LENGTH. five inches and a half. Bill short, stout, dusky ; upper parts of the body glowing pale rufous, the under wholly
rufous white; on the top of the head a brown spot; quills black ; legs dusky.—Inhabits Cayenne.
FLYCATCHER. 251
154.— BROWN FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa fuliginosa, Ind. Orn. ii. 487. Gm. Lin. i. 932. Gobe-mouche brun de Cayenne, Buf. iv. 536. Pl. enl. 574. 1. Brown Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iil. 361. Shaw’s Zool. x. 393.
THIS is scarcely four inches long. Bill dusky, with a few hairs at the base ; plumage above dark brown, the feathers with yellowish brown edges; and those of the quills and tail whitish ones ; the latter even at the end ; under parts of the body whitish ; breast tinged with rufous; legs dusky.
Inhabits Cayenne.—One of these had a tinge of green on the upper parts, and of olive-brown on the breast; belly yellowish; quills fringed with reddish yellow.
155.—ORANGE-BREASTED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa aurantia, Ind. Orn. ii. 487. Gm. Lin. i. 932. Gobe-mouche 4 poitrine orangée, Buf. iv. 537. Pl. enl. 831. 1. Orange-breasted Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 361. Shaw’s Zool. x. 348.
LENGTH four inches and three quarters. Bill flat and broad, colour dusky; head and neck behind greenish brown ; back rufous, with a tinge of green; tail rufous; quills black, tmged with rufous ; beneath the body white, except the breast, which is pale orange- colour; legs pale.
Inhabits Guiana, frequents the skirts of woods, and Savannas; is a scarce species.
156.—SLATY FLYCATCHER.
LENGTH six inches. Bill broad, and stout; general colour of
the plumage similar to that of slate, the under parts paler; wings K x2
952 FLYCATCHER.
and tail nearly black, the latter rounded at the end, and the wing, when closed, reaches only to the base; bill and legs black. Inhabits Cayenne.
157.—WHITE-SIDED FLYCATCHER.
LENGTH six inches. Bill nearly three quarters of an inch long; broad at the base, with a few hairs, colour dusky ; plumage wholly dusky black, except the sides of the breast and under the wings, being white ; tail even, two inches and a half long, the quills reach on it about one-third; legs short, slender, black ; toes cloven to the bottom.—In the collection of Lord Stanley.
158.—ASH-BARRED FLYCATCHER.
LENGTH seven inches. Bill seven-eighths of an inch long, stout, broad, dusky, afew hairs at the gape ; plumage above, wings, and tail, pale brown; ends of the wing coverts pale, obscure ash, forming two obscure bars; outer webs of the second quills whitish ; under parts of the body pale ash, with a yellowish tinge on the belly and vent; under wing coverts pale yellow; tail two inches long ; side feathers tawny on the inner webs; the upper tail coverts reach a good way on the tail; legs stout, brown.
In the collection of Lord Stanley.
159.—STRIPED FLYCATCHER.
LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill black, a trifle bent, with a few short hairs at the base; plumage in general black, with a bluish gloss; but the forehead and under parts are quite black ; quills
FLYCATCHER. 253
brown ; both wing coverts and quills striped with white; tail in general black, rounded, or slightly cuneiform, most of the feathers white at the ends, the two outer wholly white on the outer webs; but the two middle ones exceed the rest by more than three inches, are narrow, pointed at the ends, and hang loosely over the rest of the tail ; legs moderately stout, black.
Native place uncertain.
160.—COCK-TAILED FLYCATCHER. Le petit Coq, Voy. d’ Azara, iii. No. 225. pl. in do.
LENGTH five inches and a half, extent near nine. Bill olive, with a dusky point, broader than thick, straight, stout, and a trifle bent at the tip, with some long hairs at the angles of the mouth ; irides brown; front marbled white and black ; sides of the head and under parts white, the feathers dusky at the tips; top of the head, neck, and tail coverts, also a half collar on the lower part of the neck before, deep black; back and rump cinereous; scapulars and lesser wing coverts white; greater coverts and quills dusky, edged with white; the tail consists of twelve feathers, singularly constructed, two inches and one-third in length; they are oar-shaped, that is, broadening at the end, and all placed over one another vertically, as in the cock, the two middle are twelve lines longer than the others, so that the top ones are longest, and the others shorten by degrees ; outer quill very short, narrower in the middle, but broader towards the end, and lastly finishes in a sharp point.
The female is smaller, and differs in the colours, being less con- spicuous; the tail too, varies, being divided into two parts, forming a sort of hollow on the top.
This smgular bird is found in South America, in about 264 deg. of latitude; comes there in September, and departsin March; butsome stay throughout the year, as three females have been met with in the
254. FLYCATCHER.
winter. It is observed, that many more females than males havé been met with, at least double the number; though sometimes as far as six females have been seen together; hence it would seem, that it isim some degree polygamous. The male often seen to mount verti- cally to a great height, as thirty-six feet, and then drop suddenly, and perch on some bush; frequents moist spots among reeds and rushes, on which it sits, never being seen on trees; and springs from thence on insects flying by.
161.—PARAGUAN FLYCATCHER.
Le Guira Yetapa, Voy. d’ Azara, iii. No. 226.
LENGTH eleven inches and a half, of which the tail is seven and a half; extent of wing nine. Bill about seven lines long, straw- colour; irides brown ; feathers of the head and neck dusky, margined with light brown; ears covered with longish feathers; back and rump lead-colour, bordered with brown; quills brown, edged with white; greater wing coverts black, with white edges; the others marbled white and ash-colour; region of the ears black ; about the eye, base of the bill above, throat, and neck before, and all the under parts white; on the lower part of the neck, and part of the breast, a half collar of black, edged with light brown; the first quill is shortest, the third longest; upper wing coverts end in a point; the tail has twelve feathers, the exterior on one side is joined, at the under part, to the exterior one on the other side; both are without webs, for seventeen lines of the length from the base ; and the webs on the upper part, for it has none on the under, are eighteen lines long; the plane of these two is vertical; the second is five inches and a half shorter, and four inches and a half longer than the two middle ones; the others are cuneiform, and all of them pointed at the end, stiff, and without webs at the base.
FLYCATCHER. 255
The female is smaller; the head whitish, on the neck a rufous half collar; beneath the body white, tinged with red on the flanks ; back, rump, and lesser wing coverts, rufous brown; the greater deeper, bordered with red; tail dusky, nets bordered with brown ; the rest as in the male.
Inhabits Paraguay. The word Gai yetapa in the Guaranis language means Scissars-Bird, which they apply to.all birds with forked tails. More females than males are met with, in proportion of eight or ten to one, and flocks of thirty sometimes seen without a male; hence, asin the Cock-tailed, it may be suspected to be in some degree polygamous; and even that there may be hermaphrodites, since some have been observed with the tail on one side resembling the male, on the other the female; and such have less rufous than the females, and less white than the males, having the middle tint between the two sexes.*
162.--MUSTACHOE FLYCATCHER.
Le Moustache, Voy. d’ Azara, iii. No. 178. Mustachoe Flycatcher, Shaw’s Zool, x. 357.
THIS bird is three inches and a half long; extent five or more. Bill very broad, and flat, somewhat in shape of a lancet, with the poit bent; the mouth large, at the corners several long hairs, five inches long, arising by pairs, and in form of oars; the colour of the bill black, the under mandible gilded white; mouth yellow, eyes large, irides brown; a dusky streak, from the corners of the mouth, passes on each side of it, and ends above the ear; above this another of brown, mixed with yellow, beginning at the nostril, and ending on the ear; throat whitish; the rest of the under parts deep yellow ; top of the head dusky brown; the rest of the upper parts paler brown, with a yellowish mixture, but the under webs of the
* Azara.
256 FLYCATCHER.
quills are dusky, as is the whole tail; at the end are small dots; legs very short, much compressed, and white. Male and female much alike.
Found in the woods of Paraguay, in May.
163.—FULL-WINGED FLYCATCHER. L?Aile singuliere, Voy. d’ Azara, iii. No. 173. |
LENGTH five inches; extent seven. Bill more swelling than in the last, blue, towards the point dusky; it is nearly straight, with a notch near the point, and has hairs at the base; eyes large, irides red; the head covered with long, and soft feathers; that, the throat, and neck before dusky; breast and belly brown and white mixed; the under wing coverts downy, and whitish, some of the more outward marbled brown; quills beneath half white, half silvery brown; the general colour of the plumage above brown ; the wing coverts tipped with whitish, and crossed with a white band, parallel to the coverts ; tail dusky, the outer feathers three lines shorter than the second, and whitish ; legs glossy black, very short, and greatly compressed.
Found at Paraguay in July, but only one obtained; the greatest singularity is, from the number as well as structure of the quills, which are twenty-one or twenty-two, the fourth longest of all; these are very narrow, weak, and pointed, and the feathers of the fore part of the neck like bristles.
164.—ANNUMBI FLYCATCHER. L’Annumbi, Voy. d’ Azara, iii. No. 222. LENGTH seven inches and a half; breadth ten. Bill reddish
brown, thick, robust, compressed on the sides, and sensibly curved the whole of the length; nostrils elongated ; irides pale rufous; the
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forehead red, growing paler backwards, changing into brown at the nape, and all the feathers, except those of the forehead, are dusky in the middle; sides of the head nearly white, and behind the eye a brown streak; throat white, bordered by a streak of black and white mixed; taking rise from each corner of the mouth; under- neath the neck and body mixed brown and whitish ; wings beneath silvery, with a bright tinge of red; upper parts of the neck and body, lesser wing coverts, and quills, light brown; greater ones reddish ; tail cuneiform, the outer feathers fifteen lines shorter than the middle, the others paler red ; all but the two middle tail feathers dusky, the others edged with brown, and a white spot at the tip; all the feathers pointed ; legs olive. Inhabits South America ; called by the Guaranis Annumbi and Guira Annumbi,* and is not uncommon; feeds on insects, and probably small seeds; keeps in thick hedges, also in open spots; makes the nest ona decayed tree, or single Opuntia ; sometimes several nests on the same tree, one touching the other; likewise on the posts of enclosures, on the trellises, and arbours of the country houses ; the male and female always together, and both unite in making the nest and feeding the young; the nest very large, often two feet deep, and one and a halfin diameter, made of spinous twigs, and of a thickness scarcely to be thought the work of such weak fabricators : the nest hasa great cover at the top, and the bottom lined with leaves and down ; the eggs are four in number, and white : the note much resembles that of our Bunting. Both sexes much alike.
165.—PERUVIAN FLYCATCHER.—PL. ctr. Le Colon, Voy. d’Azara, iii. No. 180.
LENGTH, from the bill to the end of the general feathers of the tail, five inches, but to that of the additional ones, eight inches and
* The Motmot is called Guira Guiannumbi. VOL. VI. Lu
258 FLYCATCHER.
three quarters. Bill broad and flat, straight, and a trifle bent at the tip, farnished with hairs at the base, and black; eyes large; head bluish white, mixed, as far as the eye, with buff; front buff-colour ; rump, and outer webs of the outer tail feathers white, the rest of the plumage full black ; tail feathers in general little more than one inch and a half long, but the two middle ones exceed them more than three inches; these last are webbed, as usual, at the base and ends, but the middle part consisting of little more than a bare shaft; legs black.
Inhabits Paraguay in the winter only, and is rare. Male and female always together; found in deep woods, generally perched on some tall decayed tree, from which it springs on insects. One of these in Mr. Bullock’s Museum ; a second in that of Lord Stanley.
In the collection of Mr. Comyns, of Mount Pleasant, is a third, which probably differs in sex. In this the crown of the head is dirty white, without the least tinge of buff-colour, and the white on the rump takes up much less space; otherwise it entirely corresponds with the other. The total length of the bird is nine inches, and the tail feathers including the long ones, ten in number; the last exceeding the latter by four inches, and there is no white on the the outer web of the exterior feather. This probably is the female.
166.—BLUE-BILLED FLYCATCHER.
Le Suiriri noir a bec bleu de Ciel, Voy. d’ Azara, ii. No. 181.
LENGTH more than six inches, breadth nine. Bill fine blue, with the end black, stronger than in the last, and more bent; irides red; the whole plumage black, but the under part of the wings whitish at the edges. Male and female much alike.
Inhabits Paraguay, but is a rare bird ; seen also towards the 31st deg. of latitude, chiefly within woods; perches on the tops of tall trees ;
FLYCATCHER. 259
feeds on the insects flying within reach, and will sometimes come down to the ground for the sake of them, though in general is perched on some low bush for the purpose.
167.—W HISTLING FLYCATCHER. Le Siffleur, Voy. d’Azara, ii. No. 191.
LENGTH seven inches, breadth ten. Bill black, broad, straight, bent at the tip, a few hairs at the base ; irides bright red ; crown of the head black ; sides dusky brown; neck behind, back, and wing coverts, brown, edged with greenish; rump the same; throat and neck before pale lead-colour; beneath the body greenish ash-colour ; the same on the under wing coverts and edges of the quills beneath ; the rest, with the under tail coverts, glossy blackish ; tail black; quills and upper greater wing coverts dusky, with whitish edges; legs dusky.
Inhabits the woods of Paraguay in July; flies from tree to tree, in quest of insects.
168.—BROWN AND WHITE FLYCATCHER. Le Suiriri brun et blanc, Voy. d’Azara, iii. No. 193. LENGTH seven inches. Bill and legs black; head black, on it a handsome yellow crown, surrounded with white; the rest of the
upper parts brown; all the under parts white; tail black, forked. One of the above met with in Paraguay.
169.—NOTED FLYCATCHER.
Le Distingue vert 4 couronne noire, Voy. d’ Azara, iii, No. 210.
LENGTH six inches, breadth eight. Bill black, straight, point bent, no hairs at the base ; eyelids yellow; top of the head jet black;
L1g
260 FLYCATCHER.
forehead white ; sides and behind the head black and blue mixed ; upper part of the neck and body, wing coverts, and edges of the tail feathers, deep green; tail much rounded, and the feathers pointed ; quills brown ; fore part of the neck, and under wing coverts fine yellow; the rest of the under parts rufous white; legs lead-colour.
A single specimen of this once met with in Paraguay in June, within a wood, where it was flying after insects.
170.—SOLITARY FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa solitaria, Solitary Flycatcher, Amer. Orn. ii. pl. 17. f.6. Shaw’s Zool. x. p. 349.
LENGTH five inches, extent eight. Bill black, beneath it light blue ; irides hazel; cheeks, and upper part of the head and neck fine bluish grey ; back, and tail coverts greenish olive; wings nearly black ; on the coverts two bars of white; second quills edged with white, the others with light green; from the nostrils a line of white, passing round the eye; lore black ; breast pale cinereous; flanks, and sides of the breast yellow; belly and vent white; tail slightly forked, marked as the quills.
Inhabits North America; is not common, three only having been seen about Philadelphia, another shot among the branches of Dog wood, in October: is a silent, solitary bird.
171.—LITTLE FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa pusilla, Green black-cap Flycatcher, Am. Orn. iii. pl. 26, f. 4.
LENGTH four inches and a half; extent six. Bill flesh-colour ; irides hazel; on the crown a patch of black ; forehead, line over the eye, and all beneath the body yellow; brightest over the eye, and dullest on the cheeks, belly, and vent, which are tinged with olive ; upper parts of the body olive green; wings and tail dusky brown, the former very short ; legs flesh-colour.
FLYCATCHER. 261
The female has no black on the crown, being dull olive on that part, and of course may be mistaken for a different species.
Inhabits North America, seen in the swamps of the Southern States ; often in the lower parts of New Jersey, and Delaware, usually among the thickets of the deep morasses during summer, departing early in October; has a sharp, squeaking note, no ways musical: probably nondescript.
172.—TUFTED-NAPED FLYCATCHER.
LENGTH seven inches and a half, or more. Bill moderate in size, dull yellow, curved downwards at the point; nostrils indented ; under the chin a tuft of short, bristly feathers, and at the gape three or four long slender hairs; head and neck, and as far as the breast before, black; on each side of the nape a tuft of white feathers, half an inch long; back, rump, and tail ash-colour; lesser wing coverts, and feathers falling over that part of the wing, buff yellow; the rest of the wing ash-colour, the margins of the feathers. yellowish white ; under parts of the body, from the breast, buff, with a brownish mixture ; tail a trifle hollowed out in the middle, and the feathers slightly edged with yellowish; legs buff yellow, claws black.
A drawing of this singular bird is among the collection of drawings of Mr. Dent, but with no history annexed.
173.—YELLOW-THROATED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa sylvicola, Yellow-throated Flycatcher, Am. Orn.i. pl. 7. f. 3.
LENGTH five inches. | Bill stout, dusky blue, broad at the base ; plumage above olive green ;-héad cinereous; beneath, from chin to vent, white, but the sides of the body yellow; wings black, crossed
262 FLYCATCHER.
with two bars of greenish white, from the ends of the feathers being of that colour; three of the inner second quills deeply margined with white, the rest fringed with greenish, and the very tips of all, but the first three, fringed with white; tail even, brown, the outer web of the exterior feather white; the quills, when closed, reach rather beyond the middle of the tail; legs black.
Inhabits America.
174..-ROCK FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa rupestris, Maxim. Trav.i. p. 303.
LENGTH nearly seven inches. Upper parts of the plumage dark grey brown; the lower, as well as the tail feathers, rusty red, the latter having broad, dark brown spots; the feathers of the wings dark brown, with irregular, rusty, transverse stripes.
Inhabits Brazil, about Rio Grande, in the Sertam of Bahia; called Gibao de couro, or Leather Jacket; is found in Minas, and even on the East Coast, but more rarely; builds among the rocks, and every where keeps among the stones, or on the roofs of houses; observed often sitting on the point of a block, from which it flies perpendicularly upwards on the insects, and then descends to its former place.
175.—CHORAL FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa vociferans, Maxim. Trav. i. p. 209.
SIZE of a Blackbird ; length ten inches. Upper parts dark ash grey, in some places with a brownish, or yellowish tinge; beneath pale ash grey ; breast and throat darkest; tips of the feathers of the lower parts, here and there inclined to yellow.
FLYCATCHER. 263
Inhabits Brazil; the Portuguese give it the name of Sebastian : it has a singular, loud whistle, composed of five or six piercing notes ? found in flocks, and as soon as one begins, the others immediately join in chorus; called, in the Zoological Museum, Muscicapa am- pelina.
176.—RUST-BELLIED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa rufigastra, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 312. 3,
DARK blue above, passing into black on the wings and sides of the head; under parts ferruginous; bill and Jegs nearly black.
177.—BROAD-BILLED FLYCATCHER.
Muscicapa latirostris, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 312. 4.
IS remarkable for the extreme breadth of its bill. It is a very small bird, less than five inches in breadth, of a light brown aboye, and whitish beneath,
These two last birds are mentioned thus briefly by Sir T.S. Raffles, as inhabiting the Island of Java; and may probably be referred to our Boat-billed Tody. See Vol. iii. p. 97.
264
LARK.
GENUS XLVIT.—LARK.
1 Skylark | 19 Red-backed 36 Clapper A White A Var. 37 Gingi B Black B Var. A Var. 2 Italian | 20 Black 38 Desert 3 Wood A Mutable 39 Short-toed 4 Crested B Trucal 40 Yellow-headed 5 Undated 21 Yeltonian 41 Jelli 6 Lesser crested 22 Calandre 42 Crested Calandre 7 Field A White-winged 43 Slender 8 Pasture 23 Javan 44 Agile 9 Tit 24 Mongolian 45 Ounghee A Var. 25 Cape 46 Wagtail B Var. A Centinel 47 Baag-geyra 10 Pipit 26 Richard’s 48 Finch-billed 11 Rock 27 Cinereous 49 Aggia 12 Red 28 African 50 New-Holland A Var. 29 Great-billed 51 New-Zealand 13 Marsh 30 Rufous-hooded A Dixon’s 14 Testaceous 31 Rufous-headed 52 Shore 15 Portugal 32 Ferruginous A Black-breasted 16 Meadow 33 Tawny 53 Louisiane 17 Spinoletta 34 Senegal 54 Rufous-backed 18 Sparrow 35 Malabar 55 Rufous
THE bill in this Genus is straight, slender, for the most part a little bending towards the end, sharp-pointed ; nostrils covered with feathers and bristles.
Tongue cloven at the end.
Toes divided to their origin ; claw of the back toe very long, and either straight, or very little bent.
The above characters will answer for the greater part of the species here recorded, yet a slight deviation will be observed in some few, and cannot fail of being the case in respect to other genera, in proportion as they become numerous; when, however, the material
LARK. 265
part of a general character is found to coincide, such trifling devia- tions ought to be overlooked, rather than to create new genera; which, however nicely formed at first, will in their turn be liable to
the same objections.
1.—SKYLARK. Alauda arvensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 491. Lin. i. 287. Faun. suec. No. 209. Gm. Lin. 1. 791. Scop.i. No. 184. Brun. No. 221. Muller, No. 229. Frisch, t. 15. f. 1. Kramer, 362. Faun. arag. 88. Sepp, Vog. t. p. 27. Borowsk. ii. 196. Kolb.
Cap. ii. 151? Tem. Man. d’Orn. 161. Id. Ed. ii, 281. Alauda vulgaris, Rati, 69. A. 1. Will. 149. t.40. Bris. ii. 335. 1. Jd. 8vo.i. 404.
Schef. el. Av. t. 18. Alauda ceelipeta, Klein, 71. Jd. Stem. 13, t. 15. f. 1. a—d. ‘Id. Ov. 23. t. 9. f. 1.
Alauda pantherana, Gerin. iv. t. 375. f. 1?
L’ Alouette , Buf. v. p.1. pl. 1. Pl. enl. 363. 1. Lodola, Olin. Uc. t. p. 12. Zinnan. Uov. 55. t. 8. f. 43.
Feldlerche, Bechst. Deutsch. iil. p. 755.
Lerche, Wirs. Vog. t. 22. Gunth. Av. t.22. Schmid, Vog. p. 83, t. 69.
Sky, or Field Lark, Gen. Syn.iv. 368. Id. Sup.ii. p. 226. Br. Zool.i. No. 136. Id. fol. 93. pl. S.2. #7. Id. Ed. 1812. 475. pl. 62. Will. Engl. 203. Arct. Zool. 394. A. Albin, i. pl.41. Id. Song Birds, p.38. Collins, Birds, pl. 10. f. 1. and pl. 2. f. 1. Bewick, i. pl. p. 178. Shaw’s Zool. x. 502. Lewin, iii. pl. 89. Walcot, pl. 189. Pult. Dors. p.7. Graves, Br. Orn. v.i. Orn. Dict. § Supp.
LENGTH seven inches. Bill dusky, under mandible yellowish ; top of the head reddish brown, the middle of each feather black, behind inclining to ash-colour, somewhat elongated, so as to be capable of erection at will; on the upper parts of the body the feathers are reddish brown, darker in the middle, and pale on the edges; fore part of the neck inclining to rufous, and streaked with dusky; from breast to vent yellowish white; quills brown, with yellowish edges, towards the tips whitish ; the two middle tail feathers blackish, with rufous grey margins; the others much the same, but the fourth has a white margin, and the fifth white on the outer web; the outmost the same, as well as the inner web near the tip ; legs dusky, claws blackish, the hind one long, and straight.
The female differs in being a trifle smaller. VOL. VI. M™
266 LARK.
The Skylark is very common in England, especially in the more open, and cultivated situations, abounding in corn: rarely found at any great distance from arable land: the nest made on the ground, in the grass, or among corn, composed of dry stalks and fibres, lined with fine dry grass; the eggs generally four, dirty white, blotched and spotted with brown, and each weighing above fifty grains ; generally breeds in May, but will lay again, if the first nest is destroyed, even as late as September; found on most parts of the Old Continent, as we hear of it in Norway, Sweden, Germany, France, Italy, and Greece ;* also as far as the Cape of Good Hopet at least; very common in Russia and Siberia, likewise in Kamts- chatka. In some parts of Germany much more plentiful than in England.t Whether it may inhabit America is uncertain, though Sloane mentions having met with one some leagues out at sea.
A.—Alauda candida, Bris. iii. 339. t.19. 1. Jd. 8vo.i. 405. Frisch, t.16. Klein, Av. p. 72.4. Ind. Orn. ii. 491. 6.
Alouette blanche, Buf. v. 20.
White Lark, Gen. Syn. iv. 369, A.
This is pure white, and is often found in the colder climates in this dress; but in those I have seen, there has been a mixture of other
* Brunnich.— Faun. suec.—Frisch—Buffon—Olina— Belon Observ.
+ Kolben. One sent home by Mr. Mason, was a trifle smaller. Hasselquist says, it is common on the shores of the Nile, and adjacent Islands.—It. Palest.
+ Four thousand dozen annually taken in the neighbourhood of Dunstable, between Sep- tember and February, and many are dressed at the Inns thereabouts, after a particular mode, and sought after by the lovers of delicacies, but the greater part are sent to London. This is in no proportion to what are often caught in various parts of Germany, where they are subject to an excise, which according to Keysler, produces 6000 dollars (a) yearly to Leipsic ; and these Larks are famous throughout that country, having a most delicate flavour. But it is not only Leipsic that furnishes such numbers, for the country about Naumburg, Merseburg, Halle, and other parts, do the same. The duty at Leipsic is a Grosch (about 23d. sterlitig) for every sixty birds, and produces frequently 12,000 crowns. This is not to be wondered at, as the fields thereabouts are literally covered with them, from Michaelmas to the middle
of November. (a) About £900 sterling.
LARK. 267
colours. In the Leverian Museum was one, mixed brown and white, the belly pure white: another variegated with white all over, but regularly dispersed throughout, imitating the beautiful pencilling of the Wryneck: one, in my own collection, was wholly light cream-
colour.
B.—Alauda nigra, Bris. ii. 840. B. Jd. 8yo. i. 405. Ind. Orn, ii. 492. y. Alouette noir, Buf. v. 22. Pl. enl. 650. 1. Black Lark, Albin, ili. pl.51. Gen. Syn. iv. 370. B.
In this the bill and legs are dirty yellow; plumage in general dull reddish brewn, approaching to black, except the hind part of the head, which is dull yellow, and some of the feathers fringed with white: so far Albin, but we have seen more than one specimen in which the whole plumage was full black.*
A Variety is said to be found in Russia, differing from the common one, in haying longer legs, otherwise very like our Skylark ; it never rises, but sings sitting on the ground, and found only on the Mongo- lian Frontiers:+ seen near the Caspian Sea, in January.+
The Skylark, or one very little varying therefrom, is found in India;, the quills and tail seem darker, the latter a little hollowed out in the middle, scarcely to be called forked; legs pale red brown; streak over the eye more conspicuous than in the European species. I observed one of these in the collection of drawings of General Hardwicke, by the name of Gulgul; found at Cawnpore, in No- vember; said to be a female, and weighed fifteen drachms.
* The circumstance of this and other birds becoming black, by feeding on hemp seed, is well known, and mentioned before, in respect to the House Sparrow and Goldfinch; but Albin’s bird was caught at large, in a net, among others, at Highgate, and must have hap- pened from a cause less artificial. One, in the British Museum, is fully black throughout.
+ Mr. Pennant, from the papers of Dr. Pallas.
+ Gmel. reise.iv. p. 141. Mm2
268 LARK.
A smaller Lark accompanied the last, much the same in colour; over the eye a pale butf-coloured streak ; bill, tail, and legs, as in the other, but the shins seem longer; the hind toe and claw in both, as in the European Species; but the feathers, in general, have pale buff edges: this was named Coostulla, and weighed only 12 drachms; the wings in both reach about three-fourths on the tail.
2.—ITALIAN LARK
Alauda Italica, Ind. Orn. ii. 492. Gm. Lin. i. 793. Bris. ii. 355. Id. 8vo.i. 409. Giarola Aldrovandi, Raiiz, 70. 10. Will. 152. Id. Engl. 209. 9. Buf. v. 47. Italian Lark, Gen. Syn.iv. 373. Shaw’s Zool. x. 509.
LENGTH eight inches. Bill red; the plumage above chestnut brown, edges of the feathers reddish white, especially at the hind- head, which much inclines to white; breast, belly, and sides white ; eight of the middle tail feathers chestnut brown, with paler edges ; the last but one on each side the same, with a white tip, and the outer one quite white; legs flesh-colour, claws whitish.
Inhabits Italy, according to Brisson, who says it had the appear- ance of a young bird: according to Ray, it greatly resembles the Wood Lark, except in the colour of the tail feathers: and Aldro- vandus, from whom the whole is borrowed, says, that the tail is very short, which is one character of that bird.
Buffon mentions one, shot at Bologna, about the end of May, answering to the above description; the outer tail feather in this was white, and the next half white from the tip; the hind claw half an inch long, and curved only at the point.
M. Temminck joins us in thinking it nearly allied to the Skylark,
if not the same.
LARK. 969
3.—WOOD LARK.
Alauda arborea, Ind. Orn. ii. 492. Lin. i. 287. Faun. suec. No. 211. Gm. Lin. i. 793. Scop.i. No. 186. Brun. No. 224. 225. Muller, No. 231. Kramer, 362. 3. Frisch, t. 15. f.2. A. Rati, 69. A.2. Will. 149.t.40. Klein, 71.2. Id. Stem. 13. t. 15. f. 4. a—c. Id. Ov. 24 t. 9. f.5. Borowsk. iii. 198. Gerin. iv. t. 372. 2. Gunth. t.9. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 163. Id. Ed. ii. 283.
Baumlerche, Naturf. xvii. 78.
L’ Alouette de Bois, ou Cujulier, Buf. v. 25.
Tottovilla, e Lodola di Prato, Olin. uc. t. p. 27.
Wood Lark, Gen. Syn. iv. 371. Br. Zool.i. 137. Id. fol. 94. t. Q.f.3. Id. Ed. 1812. p- 479. Arct. Zool.ii. 395. B. Alb. i. pl. 42. Id. Song Birds, pl. p. 46. Will. Engl. 204, pl. 40. Collins, Birds, pl. 5. f.5. & pl. 11. f.7. Bewick,i. pl. . 183. Lewin, ii. t. 90. Walcot, ii. t.190. Pult. Cat. Dors. Orn. Dict. & Supp. Shaw’s Zool. x. p. 506. pl. 47.
THIS species is scarcely so large as the Skylark, and of a shorter and more bulky shape, in length very little more than six inches, weight less than an ounce. In plumage not unlike the Skylark, but in general more pale, and inclined to rufous ; round the head a kind of wreath, paler in colour, and more conspicuous than in the first species, in which this mark is rather obscure; the feathers of the crown, too, are somewhat elongated ; the coverts over the ears are brown, and beneath them another light stroke; the under parts yellowish white, inclining to brown on the fore part of the neck and breast, which are marked with dusky spots; tail very short, even at the end, the feathers rounded, the outer one dusky, with the outmost half dusky white, obliquely divided ; the second the same, but the white occupying less space; the third and fourth with only a trian- gular mark of white at the tip; the fifth the same, but the spot at the end rufous white; the two middle ones dusky brown, with paler edges ; the wings, when closed, reach to near half an inch of the end of it. In this species the first quill is shorter than the second ; but
270 LARK.
in the Skylark it is nearly equal; legs fiesh-colour, hind claw long, somewhat incurvated. Both sexes much alike.
Hitherto Brisson’s Alouette de Bois* has been ranked among the synonyms of this bird, but it certainly resembles more the Tit- lark ; and the same may be said in respect to that figured in the Pl. enlum. 660.2. and it may be doubted, whether Buffon meant this bird; as the engraving in Hist. des Ois.t+ has the tail by much too long. Albin’s figure isnot amiss. But Olina has expressed the shortness of the tail sufficiently well, im which he is followed by Willughby ; the other quotations seem to be pretty correct.
This is by no means so plentiful as the Skylark, yet is met with in most parts of this kmgdom, and differs from that bird much in ‘manners, for it perches on trees, frequently sings as it flies, and sometimes soars to a great height, flying in circles, and continuing so to do for a length of time together; will also smg while perched on a branch; and as its song is varied, it is by some thought to approach that of the Nightingale. It builds early,+ and places the nest on the ground, in shape not unlike that of the Skylark, under a low bush, or tussock ef grass; the eggs four or five, smaller than those of the Skylark, colour dusky brown, blotched with dusky, with smaller spots of reddish brown, nearly conftuent: at the larger end, and weighing from forty to fifty grains. ||
The Wood Lark does not assemble in flocks like the Skylark, for it is rarely that more than six or seven are seen together, and pro- bably only consisting of one family ; is now and then kept in. cages, but less frequently than the Skylark : in this state we remember one for at least nine years. Like the Skylark, it is found throughout Europe, as also at Kamtschatka.
* Bris. ii. 340. pl. 20. 1. + Vol. v. pl. 25. f. 2. + Sometimes the young fly before the end of March. || Orn. Dict.
LARK. 271
4.—CRESTED LARK.
Alauda cristata, Ind. Orn.ii. 499. Lin. i. 288. Gm. Lin. i. 796. Scop.i. No. 185. Brun. No. 228. Muller, No. 234. Kramer, p. 362. Georgi,173. Bris. ii. 357. Td.8vo. i. 410. Klein, 71. 8. Id. Stem.ii. 18. t. 15. 6. a—e. Id. Ov. t. 9. f. 4. Borowsk, iii. 200. Faun. arag. p-84. Raii, 69. 4. Wiall.151. t.40. Gerin. iv. t. 374. 1.> Tem. Man. d’Orn. 159, Id. Ed. ii. p. 278.
Cochevis, ou grosse Alouette huppée, Buf. v. 66. Pl.enl. 503.1. Hist. Prov.i. 503.
Die Haubenlerche, Naturf. xvii. 79.
Lodola capelluta, Olin. t. p. 138. Zinnan. Uov. 64. t.9. t..56.
Krautvogel, Gunth. t. 97.
Crested Lark, Gen. Syn. iv. 389. Alb. iii. pl.52. Will. Engl. p. 208. Shaw’s Zool. xX. p. 533.
SOMEWEHAT bigger than the Skylark; length ‘seven inches; extent thirteen. The bill a trifle longer, and the tail shorter than in that bird ; in colour it approaches near to the Skylark, so as, at first sight, scarcely to be distinguished, ‘though ‘the difference is manifest : in the Crested one the under wing coverts, and the inner edge of all the wing feathers beneath, are of a clear reddish tinge, not seen in the Skylark; the tail is black, the exterior feather, on the outer web, and more than half of the inner, in an oblique line, of a clear orange-colour, not white; the second has the ,outer web and the extremity orange; third, fourth, and fifth plain black, with a slight touch of orange at the tip; the two middle ones dark brown, obscurely edged with russet; all the feathers are equal in length, but more obtuse than in the Skylark ; feathers of the head almost half an inch in length, from the front to the crown, and may be raised nearly upright at the will of the bird; the legs and claws are yellow.
This species is said to be found in various parts of Europe— France, Italy, Germany, Denmark, and Russia, but whether in this kingdom is doubtful; indeed, the late Mr. Lewin shewed mea Lark, killed here, which was full eight inches long, and bigger than
272 LARK.
the Skylark; the ground-colour more inclined to rufous, and the breast less spotted with black; the length of the tail shorter than in the Skylark, but longer than in the Woodlark, and in particular, the claws on the forward toes much smaller than in any other of the species: if this bird was truly the Crested one, it is the only instance known of its being a British Species, though it is said by Sibbald to be met with in Scotland.* Mr. White, from whom I received the above description, says, that it is very common about Gibraltar at all times; that it never soars so high as the Skylark, but wheels about in circles, chirping, but not singing, in the air; that it congregates in the same manner as the Skylark, but not in such numerous flocks, nor keeps so close together. Authors inform us, that it sings at times like the Skylark, and sometimes has two broods in a year; that it lays four or five eggs, and prefers making the nest under the juniper trees, when near its haunts; the egg, shewn to me by the late Duchess Dowager of Portland, was in Jength one inch, about the size of that of the House Sparrow, the ground very pale ash-colour, spotted all over with dusky, or pale brown.
5.—UNDATED LARK.
Alauda undata, Ind. Orn. ii. 500. Gm. Lin.i. 797. Tem. Man. Ed. ii. 279. Coquillade, Buf.v. 77. Pl. enl. 662. Hist. Prov. i. 359. Undated Lark, Gen. Syn. iv. 391. Shaw’s Zool. x. 535.
LENGTH nearly seven inches. Bill almost one, stout, brown, beneath whitish ; feathers of the crown elongated, black ; edged with white; the rest of the upper parts of the head and body blackish, and pale rufous mixed; greater wing coverts tipped with white; the wing and tail feathers brown, with pale rufous edges, but a few of those of the wings are margined, or tipped with white; throat, and all beneath white, with blackish marks on the neck and breast; the
legs yellowish. * Scot. Illustr. ii. lib. 3. p. 17.
LARK. 973
Inhabits Provence, in France; male and female always together, whether in the time of incubation, or in search of food, which is caterpillars, grasshoppers, snails, &c. One, similar in plumage, is found at the Cape of Good Hope, but without a crest; the under parts inclined to yellow, without any white on the wings and tail ; this may probably be a female, or young bird. M. 'Temminck thinks the European one to be a Variety of the Crested Lark.
6.—LESSER CRESTED LARK.
Alauda cristatella, Ind. Orn. 11. 499.
nemorosa, Gm. Lin.i. 797.
cristata minor, Rati, 69. A.5. Will. 155. Bris.ii. 361. Jd. Svo. i. 411.
Lulu, Petite Alouette huppée, Buf. v. 74. Pl. enl. 503. 2.
Lesser Crested Lark, Gen. Syn. iv. 391. Br. Zool.i. No. 141. Id. fol. 95. Id. Ed. 1812. 487. Will. Engl. 209. Lewin, iii. p. 9. Shaw’s Zool. x. 505.
WE learn from Aldrovandus, that it is less brown than the Greater Crested Species, but that the tuft on the head is larger in proportion; and that the legs are red.—This very short description is certainly insufticient to enable us to discriminate it from others; but in the collection of Mr. Lewin was a bird, thought to be the one in question. It was six inches and three quarters long, and the wings reached to within three-fourths of the end of the tail, which was a trifle forked at the end, as in the Skylark ; the outer feather pure white on the outer web, and half an inch of the inner, the rest brown ; the second with the outer margin only white, and the feathers rounded at the ends; the legs dusky red brown, hind claw bent, and just the length of the heel; the fore toes shorter by half, and less than half the strength or size of those of the Sky or Wood Lark, colour of the claws black. The egg of this bird is eleven lines in length, pale, dull, purplish red, with dark coloured blotchings all over. According to the late Mr. Bolton, it is in plenty in Yorkshire. Said
VOL. VI. Nw
974 LARK:
to fly in flocks, contrary to the Greater Crested Species, which is seldom seen but alone, and for the most part met with in the woods and thickets, where it makes the nest.
Said to inhabit Italy, Austria, Poland, and Silesia. Some have thought it no other than our Field Lark, or next Species ; be this as it may, I find among the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther, one so exactly corresponding with the figure given in the Pl. enlum. that I cannot but believe the fact of its beimg a distinct species. This inhabits India, under the name of Chundool. I observe it also among General Hardwicke’s drawings.—M. Temminck joins this with the Woodlark.
7.—FIELD LARK.
Alauda minor, Ind. Orn.ii. 494. Gm. Lin. i. 793.
minor campestris D. Jessop, Well. 150§ iv. Rati, 70. A. 6.
Anthus arboreus, Tem. Man. d’Orn. 153. Id. Ed.ii. p. 272.
Cujulier, Pl. enl. 660. f. 2.
Baum pieper, Meyer. Deuts. i. 264. B. Frisch, t. 16. f.1. b.
Lesser Field Lark, Will. Eng/. 207.
Field Lark, Gen. Syn. iv. 375. Br. Zool. No. 139. Id. Ed. 1812.1. p. 484. Arce. Zool. ii. 395. D. Lewin, ii. t. 92. Shaw’s Zool. x. 527. Bewick, i. 1802 Walcot, ii. pl. 192.. Pul. Dors. p.8. Orn. Dict. §& Supp.
THE length of this species is six inches and a half, weight five drachms and three quarters. Bill dusky, whitish beneath ; irides hazel; plumage above light, yellowish brown, the middle of each feather dusky brown; wing coverts tipped whitish ; ramp plain light brown; throat and breast oker yellow, the latter streaked with black; belly yellowish white; tail feathers somewhat pointed; the exterior one half white, the next slightly tipped the same; legs yellowish brown, claws horn-colour, hind claw short and crooked.
This certainly has much resemblance to the Titlark in plumage, as well as habits, but the base of the bill is broader, and the hind claw much shorter, and more hooked; the throat and breast more inclined to yellow.
LARK. 275
It is found in most of the enclosed parts of England, but never on the moors and downs, where the Titlark is most frequent. The song much superior to that of the latter, though somewhat similar. This it delivers from the branch of a tree, or on the wing, when descending to the ground. From the beginning of March to July, is seen mounting in the air, in a fluttermg manner; at the same time making a twittering kind of note, and then descending to some neighbouring tree, with a motionless wing, and the tail thrown up. At this time it sings, but never when rising, and rarely pitches on the ground again till it has perched, always mounts in the like manner from a tree before it descends to the ground, but the Titlark after mounting in the air, either returns to the ground, or pitches on a low bush.
The Field Lark generally makes the nest among the high grass, or green wheat, and resides wholly in the more cultivated parts where there are trees. It is composed of dry grass, fibrous plants, and sometimes a little moss, lined with fine dry grass and horse hair; the eggs are four, bluish white, thickly blotched, and spotted with purplish brown. Although this bird is found in almost every part of England, it does not reach Cornwall, yet is not unfrequent in Devonshire, also in the western part of Wales, but no where so plentiful as in the north of Wiltshire. We have added the synonym of Bewick, although this author compares it with the Alauda cam- pestris of Linnzeus, and Spipoletta of Buffon; but the latter appears to be a different bird, and as far as we know, not» to be found in England.—M. Temminck blends this with the Pipit Lark.
Field Larks are said to be taken in great numbers in nets, at Cairo, in Egypt, where they are seen for a few days the beginning of September, no doubt on their passage elsewhere, as they are only found there at the above season; they appear to come from Barbary: and are called in Egypt, Asfour Dsjebali (Mountain Birds). The
Provengals call it Colantine.—Sonnini’s Trav. 11. p. 347. Nwn2
276 LARK.
8.—PASTURE LARK.
SIZE of the Titlark, and not unlike it; length six inches. Bill slender, five-eighths of an inch long, dusky ; plumage above dusky cinereous brown ; sides of the head and chin pale clay-colour; also just round the eye; region of the ears ash-colour ; throat, and all beneath dusky white, spotted on the breast and sides, with dashes of pale ash ; thighs and vent plain; wings as the back, the feathers with pale margins ; greater quills dark; tail hollowed out in the middle, © the two centre feathers brown, the others dusky black, except the two outer, which are white; the tail two inches long, and the wings reach about one-third from the base; legs black.
Inhabits India.—General Hardwicke. It seems to stand between the Field and Titlark ; perhaps a mere Variety.
9.—TITLARK.
Alauda pratensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 493. Lin.i. 287. Faun. suec. No. 210. Gm. Lin. i. 792. Brun. No. 223. Muller, No. 230. Frisch, t. 16.2. A. Faun. arag. 84. Raii, 69. A.3. Will. 100§ iv. Bris. iii. 343. Id. 8vo. i. 406. Borowsk. iii. 198. Gerin.iv. t. 372. 2. Sepp, Vog. t. p. 209. Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 315.
Anthus pratensis, Tem. Man. d’Orn. 152. Id. Ed. ii. 270.
Spipola altera Aldr. Rati, 84.4. Will. 153.
Alauda Stratorum, Klein, 13. t. 15.2. a—c. Jd. Ov. 24. t. 9. 4.
Alouette de Prés, Buf. v. 31. pl. 3. Pl. enl. 660.1. Hist. Prov. i. 504.
Mattolina, Zinnan. 55. t. 8. 44. Id. 50. t. 7.37. Cett. Uc. Sard. 158?
La Correndera, Voy. d’Azara, iii. No. 145 ?*
Titlark, Gen. Syn. iv. 374. Br. Zool. No. 138. Id. fol. 94. pl. Q. fig. 6. & P. 1. 3. Var. Id. Ed. 1812. i. 481. © Arct. Zool. ii. 395. C. Will. Engl. p. 206. 210?
* Iam doubtful in this quotation, for comparing it with the Titlark, some difference appears between them: yet I have been assured by the late General Davies, that he found the Titlark in America, and therefore Azara’s bird may be a slight Variety.
LARK. Qa
Alb. i. pl. 43. Id. Song Birds, pl. p. 53, Collins, Birds, pl. 6. f. 4. & pl. 10. f, 10. Bewick, i. pl. p. 185. Shaw's Zool. x. 540. Lewin, iii. pl: 98. Walcot, ii. pl. 191. Pult. Dors. p. 8. Orn. Dict.
LENGTH. five inches and three quarters, weight about four drachms, forty grains. Bill slender, dusky, base of the under mandible pale ; irides hazel; plumage on the upper parts greenish brown, the middle of the feathers much darker ; over each eye a pale trace; under parts dusky white, but the breast in some inclines to yellow, and marked with longish dusky black spots; tail dusky black, the outer feather white on the outer edge the whole length, but on the inner only half way from the end; the next with only a white spot at the tip; legs yellowish, claws brown.
This bird is common in England, and remains with us the whole year, but does not seem to affect particular situations; more frequent on the moors and downs, and in the winter may be confounded with the Field Lark; it makes the nest on the ground, aniong the furze, &c. composed of bents and dried grass, lining it with finer grass, and sometimes with horse hair; the eggs vary, sometimes dark brown, at others whitish, thickly speckled all over with rufous brown, or pale brown, tinged with red; generally six in number, weighing from 24 to 26 grains each:* in winter, frequent in the lower grounds, in search of insects,t and fly in small flocks, but never congregatet like the Skylark ; the song is not unlike that of the Field Lark, but much inferior, though some have compared it with the Canary Bird, and others to the Nightingale; but we suspect that the two birds have been confounded with each other; it feeds both on insects and seeds, and has been kept for a year on the latter. Mr. White says, that when kept in a cage it will often sing in the night time.
* Orn. Dict. + They are found at'Gibraltar, in October, in numerous flocks, on all parts of the Isthmus, and on the Hill, together with the Wagtails, attending assiduously about the legs of cattle.
+ Will often, in severe weather, wade up to the belly in watered meadows, in search of insects, and their pupz, in the floating grass and weeds.
278 LARK.
A.—Bill and legs pale; the plumage in general pale cinereous brown; over the eye a white streak ; chin white, streaked with a line of fine brown dots; the breast spotted ; under parts of the body paler than the upper, marked with dusky streaks; the wing coverts brown, margined with white; quills brown; upper tail coverts very long, reaching to the middle of the tail, which is brown; and all, except the two middle feathers, margined with white; the under tail coverts long, and white; hind claw long, and very little curved.
Inhabits India, called Mushtaki; frequents corn fields, and has the habit of a Wagtail: found also at Sumatra, called there Lancha Lancha, or Hamba Puyu.*
B.—In the Collection of Mr. Francillon was one, sent from Mr. Abbot, of Savannah, in Georgia, somewhat larger than the European one, but answering in so many. particulars, as to give cause for thinking it the’same, or a very slight Variety. It is there called the Brown Lark.
C.—A third Variety is also mentioned by Sir Thomas Rafiles, as inhabitmg Sumatra, by the name of Letti Letti; it is said to be smaller, brownish above, and yellow beneath.
10.—PIPIT LARK.
Alauda trivialis, Ind. Orn. ii. 493. Lin. i. p. 288. Gm. Lin.i. 796. Sepp, Vog. iii. t. 308.
Alauda sepiaria, Bris, iii. 8349. Id. 8vo. i. 407.
Alouette pipi, Buf. v. 39. pl. 4.
Die Pieplerche, Frisch, t. 16.2, a?
Spipola vulgaris, Gerin. iv. t.387. 2.
Pipit Lark, Br. Zool. Ed. 1812.1. p.474. Alb.i. pl. 44. Collins’s Birds, pl.7. f.5.6. Bewick,i. 181? Orn. Dict. Shaw’s Zool. x. 542.
THIS weighs more than five drachms; length six inches and a half. Bill dusky, sides and base of the upper mandible dull yellow;
* Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles.
LARK. 279
irides hazel; the top of the head, and upper parts in general, are rusty olive brown, streaked with dusky; rump plain; quills dusky, the primaries slightly edged with olive green; all the under parts of the body pale ferruginous, darkest on the breast, vent, and under tail coverts; lightest on the chin ; sides of the neck, breast, and body marked with oblong dusky spots; the two middle tail feathers dusky brown, paler on the margins; outer feather white, except towards the base of the inner web, and the outer web is brownish towards the point ; the second is white only at the tip; the rest dusky black, slightly edged with dusky brown ; the legs dull yellow ; claws horn- colour, hind claw rather longer than the toe, and a little bent.
The Pipit Lark is rarely seen, except in the winter months, and only to be distinguished from the Titlark by the superior size, olive- colour on the upper parts, and being more ferruginous yellow beneath; though by mixing with the Titlark, at the above season, and being found in the same places, it has generally been confounded with it. Colonel Montagu observes, that he has killed it in Cornwall, in very severe weather in December, and from later experiments, seems to think, the Tit and Pipit Larks to constitute only one species, and the Field Lark to be distinct, and that the two former only differ in the colour of the plumage, according to the season.*
11.—ROCK LARK.
Alauda obscura, Ind. Orn. ii. 494.
petrosa, Lin. Trans. iv. 41. Tem. Man. Ed. ii. 266. Spipola palustris, Gerin. iv. t. 388. 1.
Alauda pantherana, Gerin. iv. t. 375. 1.
Alouette pipi, Pl. enl. 661. 2.
Sea Lark, Walcot, Syn. pl. 193.
* Orn. Dict. App.
280 LARK.
Dusky Lark, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 227. Lewin, Birds, iii. pl. 94. Br. Zool. 1812. 482. - Donov. Birds, iv. pl. 76. Rock Lark, Lin. Trans.iv. p. 41. (Montagu). pl. 2. f.3.—theegg. Shaw’s Zool. x. 535.
THIS species rather exceeds seven inches in length, and weighs from six to seven drachms. — Bill slender, three quarters of an inch long, dusky, with a darker point; plumage above dusky greenish ash-colour, the middle of each feather darker ; fore part of the neck and breast mottled dusky white and brownish ash-colour ; chin and throat dusky white; wings like the back, but the feathers edged with a pale colour; the four first prime quills are nearly of equal lengths, the second a trifle the longest, the two second quills almost even with the first at the ends; tail three inches long, even, in colour like the quills, the outer feather has the outer web and half the inner cinereous white; the next whitish at the tip; legs brown ; hind claw crooked, no longer than the toe, which is of the same length as the outer one before.
This, till within a few years past, has not been sufficiently dis- criminated. I observed it first among the preserved birds of the late Mr. Leman, where it was marked as a singular Variety.
Mr. Walcot and Mr. Lewin afterwards found it in the marshes of Kent. Colonel Montagu met with it in more places than one, in similar situations, and has furnished the world with a history and manners. This Gentleman observes, that it is only to be seen on the sea shores, or at least, a little more than a quarter of a mile from the sea water, and especially in rocky situations; and no where except in places where the tide occasionally covers. It makes the nest in the tufts of grass, on the shelves of rocks, &c. by the sea side, where it is rarely to be got at without the help of a ladder: it is composed of dry grass, marine plants, and a little moss, lined with finer grass, and a few long hairs: the eggs of a dirty white, spotted with brown, most so at the larger end. This species is not observed to associate in large flocks, like other Larks, seldom more than three or four being seen together. Marine insects seem to be the principal food.
LARK. 281
The note is very insignificant, beimg very rarely more than a chirp, not unlike that of a grasshopper. For a more full account see Lin- nean Transactions above quoted, and the Ornithological Dictionary. Is found also in America, one having been sent from Mr. Abbot, of Georgia, under the name of Shore Lark.
12.—RED LARK. Alauda rubra, Ind. Orn. ii. 494, Gmel. Lin.i. 794. Pennsylvanica, Bris. Sup. p.94. Id. 8vo. i. 419.
Alouette 4 joues brunes de Pennsylvanie, Buf. iv. 58.
Lark from Pennsylvania, Edw. pl. 297.
Alauda rufa, Brown Lark, Amer. Orn. v. 89. pl. 42. f. 4.
Red Lark, Gen. Syn.iv. 376. Br. Zool. No. 140. Id. Ed. 1812.1. 486. Arct. Zool.
u. No. 279. Shaw's Zool,x.517. Lewin, Birds, iii. pl. 93. Orn. Dict. § Supp.
THIS is a trifle bigger than the Skylark. Bill dusky; irides hazel; plumage on the upper parts of the body dusky brown; a black mark passes through the eye, and a clay-coloured one above it; eyelids light coloured; under parts of the body light reddish brown, marked with dusky spots; legs dark brown, hind claw long, and somewhat curved.
The above description from Mr. Edwards. The Ornith. Dict. is more minute; from which we learn, that the two middle feathers of the tail are dusky, deeply margined with rufous brown, the outer one white, the next white on the exterior web, and part of the in- terior towards the tip ; the shaft dusky ; the rest of the feathers dusky.
This is a very rare British Species, and has, we believe, only been met with in the neighbourhood of London: Mr. Edwards first disco- vered it, and we have observed a second in the Leverian Museum; the specimen also in Colonel Montagu’s Collection, and from which he took his description, was killed in Middlesex.* It is said to be more common in America, but we are at present entirely in the dark as to its general manners: the above are, we believe, the only
* Wesaw one in the Collection of the late Mr. Foljambe, caught near London, in 1812. VOL. VI. Oo
282 LARK.
Species of the Lark kind found in England, if the third, or Greater Crested, be taken into the number, which appears to be very doubtful ; on the Continent, however, several others are recorded, of which we suspect that some have been blended together, or made distinct, for want of accurate investigation.
A.-—Length between five and six inches. General colour of the plumage fine pale reddish buff, dotted with dusky spots on the crown, the ears, and down the jaws; the wing and tail feathers are chocolate brown, deeply margined with the ground-colour; the tail is even at the end; bill and legs pale, the hind claw pretty long, and not much curved.
Inhabits India, and there called Chilloo; is very similar to the Red Lark, but smaller, and may be esteemed as a mere Variety. One of these, in Mr. Comyns’s collection, from Ceylon, named Goma Ritta.
13.—MARSH LARK.
Alauda Mosellana, Ind. Orn. ii. 495. Gm. Lin. i. 794. Anthus rufescens, Tem. Man. d’Orn. 150. Id. Ed. ii. 268. Alouette de Marais, Rousseline, Buf. v. 60. Pl. enl. 661. 1. Brachlerche, Frisch, t. 15. f. 2.
Willow Lark, Br. Zool. fol. 95. t.2. f. 4.
Marsh Lark, Gen. Syn. iv. 377. Shaw’s Zool. x. 523.
THIS is smaller, and of a more slender make than the Skylark ; the length six inches and a quarter. Bill eight lines; whole plumage more or less inclining to rufous; the bill yellowish; top of the head, upper parts of the neck, and body rufous, mixed with brown; sides of the head, and throat very pale; on each side, under the eye, are three slender brown stripes; under parts of the body rufous white, but the breast and thighs have a rufous tinge; the first of these
LARK. 283
marked with slender lines of brown: tail dark-coloured, the feathers edged with rufous; legs and claws yellowish.
Inhabits Germany, particularly about Alsace, and sometimes builds on the banks of the Moselle, in the neighbourhood of Metz, where it is seen in October. and said to sing very agreeably.
14.—TESTACEOUS LARK.
Alauda testacea, Ind. Orn. ii. 500. Gm. Lin. i. 798. Testaceous Lark, Gen. Syn.iv. 393. Shaw’s Zool. x. 521.
SIZE uncertain. Bill black; upper parts of the body testaceous ; crown of the head dashed with black; wing coverts much the same; under parts of the body testaceous white; the quills dusky, deeply margined with a much paler colour; the edges of the greater very pale; four of the middle tail feathers as the quills; the others the same colour on the under parts; legs yellow, the hind claw a trifle incurvated. r
Inhabits Gibraltar ; communicated by the late Mr. Pennant.
15.—PORTUGAL LARK.
Alauda Lusitanica, Ind. Orn. ii. 500. Gm. Lin.i. 798. Portugal Lark, Gen. Syn. iv. 393.
BILL stout, white, with a dusky tip; plumage above cream- colour; the feathers dusky brown in the middle; wing coverts and quills edged with grey ; the under parts of the body yellowish white, deeper on the breast; tail as the back, some of the outer feathers yellowish white ; legs flesh-colour, claws dusky.
Inhabits Portugal.—Mr. Pennant. O 02
284 LARK.
16.—MEADOW LARK.
Alauda campestris, Ind. Orn. ii. 495. Lin. i. 288. Faun. suec. No. 212. Gm. Lin. i. 794. Brun. No. 226. Muller, No. 232. Georgi, 173. Bris. iii. 349. Id. Svo.i. 408. Frisch, t.15. Borowsk. iii. 199. Gerin. iv. t. 372. 1.
Alauda Dumetorum, Klein, Stem. 13. t. 15. 3. a—c.
Gickerlin, vel Grien Vogelin, Gesn. Av. pl.in p. 721. Rati, 81. 8. Will. p.154. Id. Engl. 211.
Kraut Vogel, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t. 19. lower figure.
Meadow Lark, Gen. Syn. iv. 378. Shaw’s Zool. x. 539.
SIZE of a Titlark. Bill blackish, the under mandible flesh- colour; plumage on the upper parts greenish olive brown, beneath dirty yellowish white; the lower part of the neck, and breast marked with longitudinal brown spots; over the eye a yellowish white stripe; the two middle tail feathers grey brown; the others blackish; the outmost white, the whole way, on the outer web, and the same, half way from the tip, on the inner; the next with a white spot at the tip; but Linneus says, that the base half of all but the two middle feathers is white ; legs and claws brown.
Inhabits Italy, and other parts of the Continent of Europe, but, according to Brisson, is the same with the following, as he has included the synonyms there recorded. M.Temminck joins Brisson in this opinion.
17.—SPINOLETTA LARK.
Alauda Spinoletta, Ind. Orn. ii. 495. 12. 8. Lin.i. p.288. Gm. Lin. i. 794. Scop.i. 187. Dec. russ.i. 249.
Anthus aquaticus, Jem. Man. d’Orn. p. 149. Id. Ed. ii. p. 265.
Alouette Pipi, Pl. enl. 661. f.2?
Spipoletta, Raii, Syn. 70. 9. Will.152. Id. Engl. 209.§. 10. Cett. Uc. Sard. 158. Gen. Syn. iv. 378. 10. A.
THIS is a more slender bird, and longer than any before men- tioned ; length seven inches and a half; breadth eleven. The upper
LARK. 285
mandible is emarginate, or notched, as in the Thrush ; the head, hind part of the neck, and back are rusty brown, confusedly spotted with black ; the wing coverts darker brown, edged with rust; quills and secondaries dark brown, slightly edged with rust, and whitish at the tips; beneath, from chin to vent, plain, pale, tawny brown; in old birds, and sometimes in full grown young, marked with a few dusky spots on the breast; the tail is two inches and three quarters long, and black, but the outer feather is white, three-fourths obliquely from the base ; the second half white, half black, obliquely divided ; the third, fourth, and fifth plain black; the middle ones edged with rusty brown; legs small, slender, yellowish brown; the side toes reach no farther than the second joint of the middle one; the back toe long, and the claw more curved than in the Skylark.
This bird inhabits Spain, Italy, and some other parts of the Continent ; according to Mr. White, from whom the above description is taken, it comes to Gibraltar regularly in the spring, and leaves it in winter; and from its length of tail, which is white on each side, and its slender shaped body, besides having much of the air of a Wagtail, it has obtained the name of Wagtail Lark. It is said to be commonly sold at Venice, among others, for the table, as well as in some parts of Spain: Scopoli observes, that this species builds in the moist places of Carniola, and that some remain the whole of the winter* in mild seasons.
18.—SPARROW LARK.
LENGTH. from five inches and a half to six inches. Bill three quarters of an inch, conic, light brown; head spotted ; a whitish line above the eye; back and upper parts coloured much like the Crested Lark ; throat and belly white; breast dappled with brown
* Said to be common at Woronesch, and about the River Don, in winter.—Dec. russ.
286 LARK.
in some, but in others yellowish without spots; tail two inches long, black ; the first feather white half way through the inner web, and red or orange the whole length of the outer web; the second red on the outer web; the third, fourth, and fifth slightly edged with red at the points; sixth deeply bordered on each’ side with russet; legs, feet, and claws, yellow ; hind claw curved, and of a moderate length.
This comes into Gibraltar in spring, and withdraws in winter. The most remarkable characters are the short, thick, and conic, sharp bill, and tail, which is more forked than that of the Skylark ; is singular also in having three colours in the outer tail feathers, viz. black, white, and red orange. General manners as to incubation, &c. unknown.
19 —RED-BACKED LARK. Alouette 4 Dos roux, Levail. Afr. iv. 134. pl. 197.
SIZE of the Skylark, and somewhat like it on the back, the lower part of which is pale rufous; under parts of the body dirty white, marked on the breast with brown spots; over the eyes a pale streak ; quills and tail brown, with paler edges; outer margin of the outer tail feather white; bill and legs brown.
The female is smaller, though not different in colour ; but the young birds want the rufous tinge on the lower part of the back.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, called Inkelde Liwerk (Simple Lark).
A.—Length six inches and a half. Bill and legs black; plumage on the upper parts bluish brown ; sides of the head dusky; beneath from the chin to vent dusky white, outer ridge of the wing, from the bend, white; wings deep dusky blue; rump and upper tail coverts pale rufous; tail elongated, rounded at the end, dusky black; legs and thighs rather long ; hind claw not long, but straight.
LARK. 287
Inhabits India, called Beksii—From the drawings of Sir John Anstruther, Bart. A second of these, supposed to be the female, is bluish grey about the head; back and wings brown, the latter edged with blue grey; under parts dirty white, with dusky marks on the bend of the wing; sides of the breast pale rufous; rump and upper tail coverts as in the other; quills and tail dusky; bill and legs brown, hind claw very little bent, but more so than in the other ; the tail hollowed out in the middle.
B.—In the same drawings isa further Variety ; length six inches. Bill rather stout, black, with a yellow base; plumage pale brown, beneath white ; wings and tail dusky black; rump and upper tail coverts pale red ; legs dusky black.
Inhabits India, called Shurriah.
20.—BLACK LARK.
Alauda Tatarica, Ind. Orn. ii. 496. Gm. Lin. i. 795. Pall. It. ii. 707. 15. t. C. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 157. Id. Ed. ii. 275. Sonnin. Buf. xv. p. 18.
Alauda nigra, Falck, It. iii. 393. t. 27.
Tanagra Sibirica, Gm. Lin. i. 899. Mus. Carls. fase. i. t. 19.
Black Lark, Gen. Syn. iv. 380. Jd. Sup. 177. Shaw’s Zool. x. 511.
SIZE of a Starlmg. Bill stout, of a yellowish horn-colour, with a brown tip; nostrils covered with hairy feathers ; plumage in general dusky black ; the feathers of the head and neck edged with dusky white; upper parts of the body the same, but edged deeper with white ; quills black, cordated at the tips; tail somewhat forked in shape; the two middle feathers black, with pale margins; the next adjoining pale on the edge at the tip, all the others black; legs black, the hind claw long, sharp, and pretty straight.
288 LARK.
The female and young birds are brown, mnitating the Skylark ; the feathers round the bill pale ; those on the upper parts of the body edged with grey, beneath whitish ; the middle of each feather marked with black ; quills and the two outer tail feathers, margined with white; legs brown.
Inhabits the driest deserts between the Rivers Volga and Jaick, in Russia, and the whole Tartarian Desert; is solitary during the summer, but as winter approaches, frequents inhabited parts im numbers together: its song is very trivial.
A.—Alauda mutabilis, Act. Petr.xv. 459. t. 23. 2. Gm. Lin. i. 796. Mutable Lark, Gen. Syn. iv. 381.
This is about seven inches long. Bill asin the other; irides livid ; plumage black, but on the neck behind, and back, as far as the rump, the feathers have hoary edges, and the axillary ones are hoary ; quills and tail tipped with brown, the last forked ; the outer feather _ not brown at the tip; legs and claws black. The female is like the male, but has the forehead hoary.
In young birds the plumage is ash-coloured, in some inclined to red, and otherwise variegated with grey; but the females have the hoary forehead in all stages.
Inhabits Astrachan in winter; flying in flocks to the more retired places, near the Volga, in spring.
B.—Le Trucal, Levail. Afr. iv. 119. pl. 191.
In this the plumage is black, the feathers margmed with yellow, like scales, but larger on the back. Bill pale, with a brown tip ; quills and tail black, the latter edged with yellow; the ends of both
LARK. 289
quills and tail are also yellow, and tipped with the same on the sides ; tail rounded ; claws rather more crooked than in the Black Lark. The female differs chiefly in being smaller.
Inhabits the inner parts of the Cape of Good Hope and the dry plains of the Grand Namaqua, at the foot of the sharp mountains ; and is a wild bird; it Jays five pale blue eggs, marked with rufous spots. It seems to differ chiefly from the others, in the scales beng yellow instead of white, and is no doubt a mere Variety. Similar to this was one in the collection of Miss Blomefield, which came from Siberia; in this the edges of the feathers were cream-coloured, and formed transverse bars on the upper parts, of a beautiful appearance ; they were merely lines on the head, widening as they proceeded to
the rump; the tail of one plain colour; hind claw straight, and half an inch in length.
21.—YELTONIAN LARK.
Alauda Yeltoniensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 496. Phil. Trans. lvii. 350. Yeltonian Lark, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 228. Shaw’s Zool. x. 526.
SIZE of a Starling. Bill cylindric, straight, pointed, base black, with the tip very pale; tongue bifid; colour of the plumage black, varied on the head, back, and shoulders with rufous; the sixth quill has the outer margin white; the two middle tail feathers are rufous, the others like the rest of the plumage; hind claw pretty straight, and longer than the toe itself.
This is found in the neighbourhood of the Lake Yelton, which is situated beyond the Volga; is gregarious, and very fat in August, at which time the flesh is of a most exquisite flavour.
VOL. VI. Pp
290 LARK.
22.—CALANDRE LARK.
Alauda Calandra,; Ind. Orn. ii. 496. Lin. i. 288. Gm. Lin. i, 800... Bris. iui. 352. t. 20. 1. Jd. Svo.i, 408. Klein, 72. 7. Will. 151. Olina, t, p. 380. Cet. Uc.. Sard. t. p. 147. Faun. arag. p. 84. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 157. Id. ii. 276.
Calandre, ou grosse Alouette, Buf. v. 49. Id. Sonnin. xv. p.350. Pl. enl. 363. 2.
Alouette a Collier, Hist. Prov.-i. 353.
Calandre Lark, Gen. Syn. iv. 382. Id. Sup.ii..177.. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 280.. Edw. pl. 268. Will. Engl. 208. Shaw’s Zool. x. 513.
THIS exceeds. the Crested Lark in size,. and is seven inches and a quarter in length. Bill three quarters of an inch long, very stout, and pale in colour; plumage above brown and grey mixed, the middle of the feathers, being brown; throat white, beneath this is a black mark, almost in the shape of a crescent; under the black dirty white, marked with black ; the belly white ; sides and thighs rufous brown ; quills very dark, with the outer webs brown, and the edges whitish ; the lesser quills the same, but the ends also tipped with white; tail black, the outer feather white on the outer web, and about half way from the end of the mner; the next bordered on the outer web with white, and tipped with the same; the third edged with grey, and tipped with white; the fourth only edged with grey ; bill and legs pale grey.
The female is smaller, and. the. black. on the neck less distinct.
This is found.in Italy, France, Andalusia, Valentia, Grenada, Murcia, and. Catalonia, and no less common in. Barbary, appearing first in April, remaining all summer, and departing in autumn; * is almost as common as the Crested Lark, and. quantities are taken at Gibraltar, both in spring and autumn. The note is strong, bold, and, clear; somewhat like that. of the Woodlark; is.often. observed to perch, on, thistles.and Jow shrubs while: it sings... It» is equally found in Sardinia, Aleppo, and other places of the Old) Continent ;
* Ts first seen in Provence about Michaelmas, and goes away in March, at which time the Undated Lark, Grasshopper Warbler, &c. arrivee—Hist. Prov.
LARK. 291
in the Tartarian deserts common; also between the rivers Don and Wolga, as well as other parts of the Russian Empire. It is fre- quently kept for its song,* which by many is thought excellent, but said also to imitate that of others, as the Goldfinch, Linnet, Canary Bird, and such like. It makes the nest on the ground, like the Skylark, and lays four or five eggs, and the period of its life four or five years.—Mr. Pennant observes, that it is allied to the Common Bunting, and it is certain that authors have confounded the: two species. This was first mentioned as an American bird by Mr. Edwards, who assures us, that it has been brought:from North Carolina.+
A.—Alauda Sibirica, Gm, Lin. i. 799. Pall. It. ii. 708. 15.* Td. iii. 697. Ind. Orn. ii. 497. White-winged Lark, Gen. Syn. iv. 383. Shaw’s Zool. x. 512.
Size of the Crested Lark. Bill livid, tip brown ; crown of the head, ears, lesser wing coverts, and those of the tail ferruginous, inclining to yellow; under parts dirty white, varied with ferruginous on the fore part of the neck; second quills chiefly white, and most observable when the wing is spread ; the outmost of the prime quills wholly white ; the next white on the margin; legs grey.
This is plentiful in the sunny fields, in the neighbourhood of the River Irtish, in Siberia, where it makes the nest:on the ground like the Skylark ; but is inferior to it in song.
* Olina says that to have them sing, the young should be brought up from ‘the nest, and fed with a paste in which sheep’s heart bears a part, but with every care, it will not sing well till the second year.
+ This seems the only instance on record, which may lead us to suspect, that if really the Calandre is here meant, and not the Shore Lark, as may be conjectured, it might have been a caged bird, escaped from its confinement.
P pe2
292 LARK.
23.—JAVAN LARK.
Mirafra Javanica, Lin. Trans. xiii. 159.
LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill stout, attenuated, and somewhat compressed; nostrils at the base, covered above with a membrane; plumage above brown, varied with ferruginous; beneath dusky; axillaries pale bay; wings shorter than the tail; hind toe much elongated, the claw twice as long as any of the others, and moderately bent.
Inhabits Java, and there called Branjangan. Dr. Horsfield observes, that although it greatly resembles the Calandre Species ; it differs from it in some of the characters of the wing, and in respect to the bill, it has a greater affinity to the Finch Genus.
24.MONGOLIAN LARK.
Alauda Mongolica, Ind. Orn. ii. 497. Gm. Lin. i. 799. Pall. It. iii. 697. Act. Stock. 1778. 3.6. Tem. Man. Ed. ii. 277. Mongolian Lark, Gen. Syn. iv. 384. Shaw’s Zool. x. 516.
THIS is bigger than the Calandre, but not unlike it. Bill stout; head and neck ferruginous, deeper on the crown, which is encircled with white, and has a spot in the middle of it; on the throat a large bifid patch of black.
Inhabits the salt meadows, between the rivers Argun and Onon, on the Chinese frontiers ; has a sweet song, and is for the most part seen on the ground. Probably a Variety of the Calandre.
LARK. 293
25—CAPE LARK.
Alauda Capensis, Ind. Orn.ii. 498. Lin. i. 288. Bris. ii. 364. t. 19.3. Id. 8vo. 1. 411. Gm. Lin.i. 798. Spalowsck. Vog.i. t. 21.
Cravate jaune, ou Calandre du Cap. de B. Esp. Buf. v. pl. 54. Pl. enl. 504. 2.
Le Culdor, Levail. Afr. iii. 83. pl. 119. f. 1. 2.
Anthus, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. \xviii.
Cape Lark, Gen. Syn. iv. 384. Shaw’s Zool. x. 510.
LENGTH eight inches. Bill ten lines long, and yellowish brown; plumage on the upper parts of the body and tail brown, the middle of each feather darker brown ; chin and throat orange; from thence to the vent yellowish white, inclining most to yellow near the vent ; over the eye a yellowish streak, and beneath on the ear, a dusky one; four of the outer tail feathers are white at the ends, but irre- gularly so; for the outer one is white for near an inch, but the fourth only so at the tip; the legs are dusky ; toes pretty long; hind claw above half an inch in Jength, and a little bent: this is the description of the female.
The male has the yellow on the throat bordered with black ; the stripe over the eye orange; the breast mixed brown, grey, and pale yellow; and the belly and sides rufous orange-colour; the greater quills edged with yellow, the lesser with grey. Buffon mentions having seen two females, with the throat of a pale rufous- colour, and the breast spotted with brown.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; found in the forests of Hott- niqua, but not in abundance ; whether it has any song is not known.
A.—Alouette Centinelle, Levail. Afr. iv. 132. pl. 195.—Male. 196.—Female.
Size of a small Thrush. Colour not greatly differing from the former. The female is paler, and the throat not bordered with black
294. LARK.
on the sides, only at the bottom; it often perches, for although the hind claw is long, itis hooked. Found on all the eastern coasts, quite to Caffraria, but not farther: it makes the nest at the foot of the bushes, often in the middle of one, composing it of dry fibres, mixed with slender roots within, and lays three or four bluish eggs, spotted with.red brown, most.so at the larger end: it has obtained the name of Centinel, from its crying out continually qui vive, qui vive, and is common every where in meadows, on the borders of rivers ; is called Calkoentje, Petit Dindon.
B.—Length eight inches. Bil] stout, three quarters of an inch long ; plumage above dark brown, margins of the feathers paler, not unlike our Lark ; beneath yellow ; chim very pale; vent buff-colour ; breast, and sides under the wings, streaked with brown ; edge of the wing coverts beneath brown and yellow mixed ; quills edged with yellow; tail three inches long, the feathers sharp at the ends; the two middle ones plain brown, the others the same from the base, and more or less white at the ends; the outmost white for about half the length, lessening to the fifth, which is'white only just at the tip ; legs brown; toes very long, the middle one an inch, hind toe three quarters of an inch, claw one inch, bent the whole -of its length; the second quills and the greater equal in length, and the wings reach one- fourth on the tail.
Inhabits Sierra Leona.—In the collection of Mr. Brogden. ‘This is probably a Variety of the female of the Cape Species.
26.—RICHARD’S LARK.
Anthus Richardi, Pipit Richard, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. 263.
LENGTH six inches, seven lines. Upper mandible brown, the lower yellowish ; irides brown; top of the head, back, and scapulars,
LARK. 295
brown, the feathers deeper in the middle, with the edges and tips paler ; a streak over the eyes; the throat and belly white; breast very light rufous, with a broad band of lance-shaped spots ; sides pale rufous ; wings and tail blackish, edged with yellowish white; outer tail feather wholly white; on the adjoining one, a large conical white spot; legs yellowish ; length of the hind toe and claw one inch.
Inhabits the warmer parts of Europe, towards the Pyrenées, and probably in Spain. Mr. Temminck likens it to the Cape Lark, or Centinelle of Levaillant, and thinks it not improbable, that it may prove to be our Portugal Lark ; but for the present, he records it as distinct.
27.—CINEREOUS LARK.
Alauda cinerea, Ind. Orn. ii. 499. La Cendrille, Buf. v. 64. Cinereous Lark, Gen. Syn. iv. 388. Shaw's Zool. x. 524.
LENGTH six inches. _ Bill three quarters of an inch; nostrils in a soft membranous furrow, but the aperture very small and round; plumage above ash-colour ; quills and tail dark brown; belly and vent white; the outer tail feather white on the outside near the tip ; legs dusky.
In the Leverian Museum.—From whence uncertain. Buffon describes one, sent to him from the Cape of Good Hope, which was probably the male. In this the top of the head is rufous, forming a kind of hood, bordered, from the bill to beyond the eye, with white ; quills and tail black.
28.—AFRICAN LARK.
Alauda Africana, Ind. Orn. ii. 499. Gm. Lin.i. 798. Le Sirli du Cap de B. Esp. Buf. v. 65. Pl. ent. 712. — Levail. Afr. iv. 125. pl. 192.
296 LARK.
Anthus, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. lxix. African Lark, Gen. Syn. iv. 389. Shaw’s Zool. x. 534.
LENGTH eight inches. Bill black, one inch long, and bent towards the point; plumage above mixed brown, rufous, and white, in different shades; wing coverts, quills, and tail, brown, edged with white ; the under parts of the body white, marked with longitudinal spots of brown ; legs brown, the hind claw seven lines long, straight, and pointed at the end. ~ The female is like the male, but more slender, and the bill shorter, and less curved. In Levaillant’s figure a white trace is seen above the eye, and the tail appears somewhat forked.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, in all the sandy parts at Table, and False Bay, and Saldanha; is frequently seen perched on the top of a hillock, and sounds the syllables, Sirrrrrrli, two or three times over, elongating the last; hence the name given to the bird.
The female lays her eggs on the ground, at the foot of a bush, in a hollow, scratched out by the feet, on a bed of dry herbs, lined with feathers, plucked from itself; the eggs are from three to five in number, of a dirty grey, dotted with fulvous; and both sexes sit in turn. Frequent in Abyssinia ; and in general habit like the Com- mon Lark.
‘ »+£
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29.—GREAT-BILLED LARK.
L’ Alouette a gros bec, Levail. Afr. iv. 128. pl. 193.
BILL large, bent at the tip, brown, the under part pale at the base; irides brown; plumage brown, the feathers with paler margins ; breast dirty white, spotted with black marks, the rest of the under parts dirty, yellowish white; quills and tail with yellowish mar- gins, the last even at the end; legs brown.
The female the same, but smaller. This is common in the culti- vated lands of the Cape of Good Hope, where the colonists call it
-
LARK. . way
Doubelde Liwerk, as being of a larger size than another, called by them, Inkelde Liwerk, or Simple Lark. It is in great repute for the use of the table.
30.—RUFOUS-HOODED LARK.
Alouette 4 Calotte rousse, Levail. Afr. iv. 135. pl. 198.
BILL and legs brown; irides chestnut; top of the head rufous chestnut; upper parts of the body earthy brown, with transverse, curved, blackish marks; throat, neck, breast, and sides, dirty greyish white, marked with some spots of black; quills brown, waved with black. brown ; tail rather hollowed out at the end, brown, the edges of the feathers white.
The female is smaller, the top of the head less lively, and the hind claw not so large.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.
31.—RUFOUS-HEADED LARK.
Alouette 4 téte rousse, Levail. Afr. iv. 137. pl. 199. b
THIS is the smallest of the African Larks; about half the size of the Skylark. Bill stout, as in the Finch, colour pale; the head rufous, like our Linnet; the rest of the plumage rufous grey ; beneath dirty white; legs pale brown.
The female is smaller, and the red on the head paler; the hind claw is also less, though it is not long, even in the male.
~ Inhabits the African deserts about the country of Houswaanas, in the interior of the Cape of Good Hope. It differs from the Cine- reous Lark, being smaller, in not having the black wings and tail, and the rufous head not bordered with white.
VOL. VI. Qe
298 LARK,
32.—FERRUGINOUS LARK.
Alauda Gorensis, Ind. Orn. Sup. lii. Mus. Carls. iv. pl. 99. Ferruginous Lark, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 229. Shaw’s Zool. x. 520.
SIZE of the Titlark. Bill brown; crown, nape, and beginning of the back, dusky; the feathers margined with ferruginous; back and rump deeper ferruginous; chin and breast the same, growing paler beyond to the vent, which is white, and marked with dusky streaks on the two first; quills pale on the edges; and the tail feathers have the margins nearly white ; the two middle ones ferru- ginous brown; the exterior obliquely white towards the end, and marked with a triangular white spot at the tip; legs pale.
It is not mentioned whence it came, but from the name given to it by Dr. Sparrman, it is probably of African origin, and from Goree.
33.—TAWNY LARK.
LENGTH five inches. Bill brown; plumage above similar to the Skylark, the head rather full of feathers; beneath ferruginous grey, or tawny; on the breast some blackish spots; wing coverts pale ferruginous, with dark ends, having a waved appearance ; the lesser quills with blackish bars, the greater plain brown; tail two inches long, brown; the two middle feathers rather pointed, and marked with darker bars on the sides; the quills reach to about the middle of it; legs pale, hind claw short.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, described from a specimen in. the possession of Mr. Leadbeater, of Brewer-street.
LARK. 299
34._SENEGAL LARK.
Alauda Senegalensis, Ind: Orn. ii. 500. Gm. Lin. i. 797. —————— cristata, Bris. iji. 362. t. 19. f.2. Id, 8yo. i. 411. Senegal Lark, Gen. Syn. iv. 392. Shaw’s Zool. x. 925.
- LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill three quarters of an inch, horn-colour ; head slightly crested; plumage grey and brown mixed, each feather being brown, with grey edges; the under parts whitish, with small brown spots on the throat ; sides and beneath the wings, tinged with rufous; quills grey brown, with grey edges, but rufous within for two-thirds next the base; the two middle tail feathers are grey, the others brown, but the outmost rufous-white for nearly the whole breadth; the adjoining one has the outer edge of the same colour ; legs and claws grey.
Inhabits Senegal.
35.—MALABAR LARK.
Alauda Malabarica, Ind. Orn. ii. 495. Gm. Lin.i. 795. Alouette huppée de la Cote de Malabar, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 203. pl. 113. f. 1. Malabar Lark, Gen. Syn. iv. 379. Shaw’s Zool. x. 531.
LENGTH five inches and three quarters. Bill black ; feathers of the crown brown, with white tips, and long enough to form a crest; those of the neck pale rufous, with a streak of black down the shafts, the lower part of it broader; throat and belly rufous white; back and wing coverts brown, fringed at the ends with pale rufous ; and a white spot at the tip of each; quills and tail dirty brown, with pale rufous margins; legs of the last colour.
Inhabits the Coast of Malabar.
Qe2
300: LARK.
36.—CLAPPER LARK. L’ Alouette bateleuse, Levail. Afr. iv. 130. pl. 194.
SIZE of the Skylark. Baill brownish; eyes reddish chestnut; head feathers elongated ; plumage varied with chestnut, brown, and black, divided by festoons of white in narrow bands; the ends of the feathers of the back and wings being white ; throat white; breast marbled with fulvous, on a white ground ; under parts of the body orange white; legs yellow brown. The female is smaller, and the colours less regularly marked ; the young birds incline much to rufous above, and to rufous orange beneath.
_ Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, and approaches nearer to the Skylark than any in that part of the world; is remarkable for making a noise by the clapping of the wings, when arising from the ground, so as to be heard at some distance; it rarely mounts above fifteen or twenty feet, and while rising, has a note similar to the word Piouit, and this chiefly at day break, and sunset. Is found in all Swartland, and the arid plains of Piquetberg and Karow, as well as in all the sandy parts of Africa, and the interior places. It lives on insects and grain, and does not perch ; makes the nest in a hollow on the ground, and lays from four to six eggs, of a greenish grey. Is called by the Dutch, Clapert Liwerk, or Clapper Lark. It seems much allied to the Malabar Species.
37.—GINGI LARK.
Alauda Gingica, Ind. Orn.ii. 496. Gm. Lin. i. 795. La petite Alouette de Gingi, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 203. pl. 113. Gingi Lark, Gen. Syn. iv. 380. Shaw’s Zool. x. 523. SIZE of the Goldfinch, length four inches and a half. Bill and legs pale rufous grey; plumage on the upper parts greyish umber-
LARK. 301
colour; the head cinereous grey; through the eye a streak of black ; throat and under parts black. Inhabits Gingi, and other parts of the coast of Coromandel.
A.—Among the Indian drawings of Sir J. Anstruther, I find a bird exactly corresponding, but with the addition of a patch of white on the middle of the wing; legs long, hind toe and claw both long, and the latter scarcely at all bent.
38.—DESERT LARK.
Alauda Desertorum, Desert Lark, Salt, Abyss. App. p. lx.
LENGTH eight inches. Bill, from the gape, one inch, in shape not unlike that of the African Lark, but weaker, especially the under mandible; at the top a ridge, and the end curved downwards; colour pale brown, paler on the edge; nostrils within a membrane, small, but pervious; head, neck, and back dun, or brownish buff-colour ; under parts buff white; chin, and under wing coverts white ; upper wing coverts as the back, with pale margins and ends; scapulars the same; most of the quills white for one-third from the base, then dusky brown, with the ends, for half an inch, white; the five outer dusky, the base only being white ; but the sixth is also white just at the tip; tail three inches and a half long, in shape a trifle forked, colour of the two middle feathers as the back, with red brown shafts, the others dusky ; the outer web of the exterior wholly buff-white, and the others fringed with the same ; all of them somewhat pointed at the ends; legs and claws pale, nearly white; at first sight ap- pearing for a quarter of an inch bare above the knee, but on close inspection, will be found scantily covered with very short feathers, petween which the skin may be seen; length of the shins one inch
302 LARK.
and a quarter, middle toe a quarter of an inch, the others shorter ; hind toe near half an inch, claws a little bent, and channelled beneath ; the hind one longer than the middle by one-third, and very little bent.
Supposed to inhabit Abyssinia.—In the collection of Mr. Salt; at first sight appears to belong to the Wader family ; and it is not improbable, from a very slight covering above the jomt, that it frequents watery places, into which it may have occasion to wade for its food; but this is not unusual, as the Titlark will frequently wade into the water, after aquatic insects. The make and shape of the shins is singular, being greatly similar, in respect to the segments, to those of the Courser, which it also resembles in plumage, though of a somewhat darker hue.
Mr. Salt observes, that these Larks are common in the desert Islands of Amphila, where few land birds could exist; frequent also on the coast; their colour so exactly resembles that of the sandy ground, that they are with difficulty distinguished from it.
39.—_SHORT-TOED LARK.
Alauda brachidactyla, Alouette 4 doigts courts, ou Calandrelle, Tem. Man. @ Orn.
p- 164. Id. Ed. ii. 285. Alauda Calandrilla, Bonelli, Mem. del’ Acad. de Turin. Der kurtzehige Lerche, Leis/. Annal. der Wetter, iii. 357. t. 19. Alauda arenaria, Sand Lark, Shaw’s Zool. x. p. 515.
LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill short, strong, and reddish; plumage on the upper parts of the body fine rufous, Isabella-colour, inclining to cinereous on the nape, and along the shafts of the feathers, which are deep brown ; chin and streak over the eyes white; on the sides of the neck, two or three brown dots; breast and sides rufous ; belly white, tinged with rufous; the two middle tail feathers black, edged with rufous; the three next black, edged and tipped with
LARK. 303
rufous; the fourth rufous white on the outer web; and the exterior rufous white, inclining to rufous at the end; toes very short. ‘The female has the under parts, and streak over the eyes, pure white. __
. Inhabits Sicily, the kmgdom of Naples, Spain, and sometimes the north of Italy; rarely passing the Alps and Pyrenées ; and migrates at times into Africa ; feeds on seeds and insects.
40.—YELLOW-HEADED LARK.
LENGTH six inches or more. Bill moderate, dusky; head as far as the nape behind, and all the under parts yellow, growing paler on the belly and vent; the latter nearly white; upper tail coverts pale; hind part of the neck, back, wings, and tail, deep chocolate- brown ; but the margins of the feathers of the two last are white ; the tail long, even at the end, and the quills reach a trifle beyond the base; legs dusky, the hind claw long, asin other Larks, and a little bent.
Inhabits India, and has much the appearance of the Yellow- headed Wagtail, but the bill is rather more stout; and the shape and length of the hind claw, proclaim it to belong to the Lark Species.
41.—JELLI LARK.
LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill stout, pale yellow, three quarters of an inch long; crown, and upper parts of the plumage much like those of the Skylark; cheeks plain, pale brown; chin and under parts chiefly white ; across the throat, just above the breast, a transverse bar of black, divaricating into two on each side of the neck, the upper fork very narrow; sides of the breast, beneath this,
304. LARK.
like the back ; tail short, the wings reaching to about the middle of it; legs pale flesh-colour; hind claw nearly straight, three quarters of an inch in length.
Inhabits India.—General Hardwicke; known by the name of Jelli. This is smaller than the Calandre Lark, and seems most to approach that figured by Mr. Edwards, and does not ill resemble the one in Olina. I suspect, however, that Buffon’s bird, as figured in the Pl. enl. must vary considerably in size, if not differing in species, for it measures near eight inches; the mark is upon the breast, and not above it, and a deep brown round patch, instead of a black, and transverse bar; the tail, too, is considerably longer than in any one we have seen of this kind.
42.—CRESTED CALANDRE LARK.
SIZE of the last; but the bill less stout and dusky; general colour of the plumage much the same, but the feathers of the crown are long, forming a pointed crest ; over the eye a white streak ; chin and throat dusky white, with a few specks on the latter, the white curving under the ears; above the breast a transverse blackish mark ; breast dusky white, with some brown dashes; from thence the rest is white ; quills and tail brown; the latter one inch and _ three quarters long, the two middle feathers brown, the rest dusky black, but the outer one white on the outer web; the wings reach rather beyond the base ; legs as in the other.
Inhabits India.—Gen. Hardwicke. This bird appears not unlike the Calandre, but the bill is less stout, and the tail longer, inde- pendent of the crest; and is therefore, in all probability, a distinct species.
LARK. 305
43.—SLENDER LARK.
LENGTH six imches. Bill dusky, under mandible flesh-colour ; plumage above pale brown, middle of the feathers darker ; over the eye a buff streak ; sides before the eye, under it, and ears, pale ash- colour; beneath to the breast very pale rufous, with a few short brown streaks; belly, thighs, and vent, rufous white; wings dark brown, the feathers deeply edged with buff; greater quills dusky; tail a trifle hollowed at the end; upper coverts and two middle feathers brown, the others dusky black, the outer one white; legs pale brown, hind toe and claw both very long, the last slightly bent.
Inhabits India.—General Hardwicke. Found at Anopshere in January; has somewhat the appearance of the Field Lark, but is a more slender bird.
44.—AGILE LARK.
LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill slender, dusky, over the eye a clay-coloured streak ; plumage above ash-brown; beneath to the breast pale buff, with long streaks of black on the throat, breast, and sides; belly, thighs, and vent, white; wings brown, margins of the coverts buff; tail two inches long, hollowed at the end, brown, the outer feather white ; legs flesh-colour, hind toe long, claw shorter, and more bent than in the last; the quills reach half way on the tail.
Inhabits India.—General Hardwicke. Found at Rohilcund in February ; has much the habit of the Titlark, but less bulky.
In a second of these, the plumage is much the same; the streak over the eye pure white; the colours in general rather darker, and the dark streaks on the under parts more numerous, and continued quite to the vent.
VOL. VI. Rr
306 LARK.
45.--OUNGHEE LARK.
SIZE of the Titlark; length five inches and a half, weight twelve drachms and a half. Bill stout, flesh-colour, tip dusky ; plumage above pale ash-colour, marked on the crown and back with short pale dusky streaks; over the eye, from the nostrils, a white streak ; under parts cinereous white, inclining more to cinereous on the breast ; greater wing coverts and quills dusky, with pale cinereous buff edges; tail much the same, the two middle feathers brown, the others dusky ; one or more of the outer white on the outer web; shape rather forked; legs pale, hind claw nearly straight, bent only at the tip; the wings reach half way on the tail. .
Inhabits India, named Ounghee.—A second, not unlike, but smaller, had the bill somewhat more elongated, pale straw-colour ; plumage above the same, but somewhat paler; and the under parts of the body dusky white ; tail shorter, irregular at the end, two of the outer feathers white; the white line over the eye less conspicuous.
Inhabits India.—Probably a young bird of the former.
46.—WAGTAIL LARK.
LENGTH nearly six inches; shape delicate. Bill slender, dusky; plumage in general above plain dull olive-brown; over the eye, from the nostrils, a white streak ; chin, throat, breast, and thighs, white; belly and vent pale buff-colour; on the breast a few dusky, cinereous, pale, markings; wings as the back, the feathers margined with dusky white; tail two inches long, brown, even, the two outer feathers white; legs black, hind claw long, but bent. The other sex much the same, but the streak over the eye inclines to yellow; all beneath pale buff, except the chin and thighs, which are white; the outer tail feathers pale buff-colour.
Inhabits India ; met with at Cawnpore in September.
LARK. 307
47.—BAAG-GEYRA LARK.
SIZE of the Titlark ; length five inches and a half. Bill short, rather stout, pale, with the ridge and tip dusky; plumage above brownish clay-colour, with dusky streaks; beneath buff white, inclining to clay on the breast ; on each side of which is a blackish mark ; over the eye a clay-coloured streak ; chin and thighs white ; second quills as the back, the greater dusky; several of the inner ones appear as if cut off at the tip ; tail a trifle hollowed at the end, brown, the edges of the feathers margined with buff ; ‘the two outer feathers white on the outer webs; legs flesh-colour, hind claw moderate.—Inhabits India.— General Hardwicke.
In the same collection is another, a trifle larger, much the same as to markings, but the dusky streaks less observable, and fewer. This is no doubt allied to the other, and called Baag-geyra.
48.—FINCH LARK.
LENGTH five inches and ahalf. Bill stout, made like that ofa Finch, flesh-coloured, the upper edge dusky ; irides hazel; plumage above pale ash, streaked with dusky on the crown and back; sides of the head, and beneath, pale clay, or buff-colour; feathers of the wings edged with the latter; greater quills margined with pale fer- ruginous; tail as the quills, somewhat hollowed out at the end, one inch and and three quarters long; legs pale brownish red, hind toe and claw long, the latter pretty much bent; the quills reach three- fourths on the tail.
Inhabits India; found at Cawnpore in April. Rr2
308 LARK.
49.—AGGIA LARK.
LENGTH rather more than five inches. Tail one inch and a half; bill stout, pale, dusky above, nostrils covered by an incumbent horny plate; tongue truncated; irides dark brown; plumage above brown, with the margins of the feathers paler, inclining to hoary on the neck, especially the female ; chin, and a line above the eye, dirty white; fore part of the neck and breast dusky rufous white, dashed with brown, from. thence dirty white ; under wing coverts rufous; quills pale chestnut, with a longitudinal dash of brown down the shaft, becoming wider towards the tip; tail slightly forked, dark: brown ; the two outer feathers white on the outer webs; legs dirty flesh-colour, hind claw very long, and straight; the wings, when closed, reach to about the middle of the tail. Male and. female much alike.
Inhabits India, and is the Aggia of Hindustan Proper. Found in the neighbourhood of Calcutta, but is not common; it frequents long grass, and corn fields, and soars very high when it sings. Communicated by Dr. Buchanan.
One, similar to the above, is among the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther, in general markings the same, but the forehead, sides of the head, and all beneath, are white; through the eye an obscure streak ; tail feathers black, the outer ones more or less: white : this is probably a female or young bird of the foregoing. It is. called Uggia.
Another, five inches and a half long. In this the head, neck, and upper parts are pale brown, with paler margins, round the eye, beneath, and behind white, the last ending in a point; chin and. throat white; breast pale brown, streaked’ with dark brown; lower part of the breast and belly rufous white ; legs pale yellowish brown.
Inhabits India, known at Hindustan by the name of Raytul.
LARK. 309
One answering to this description, in the drawings of General Hardwicke, said to weigh nine drachms and a half, met with in April; quills and tail dusky, deeply edged with very pale chestnut, or buff-colour; as are also most of the feathers of the back and wing coverts ; bill and legs dirty flesh-colour.
In the same drawings is one called Aaghin; met with in August. It is four inches and a half long; bill stout, pale dusky above, whitish beneath; feathers of all the upper parts largely marked in the middle with dusky, appearing spotted; the same across the breast; over the eye a flesh-coloured trace; chin, belly, thighs, and vent, reddish white; second quills and large coverts brown, with pale margins ; greater quills pale rufous; tail brown, no appearance of white on the outer feathers; legs flesh-colour.
Inhabits India. Probably an Aggia Lark in some of its stages towards the adult state.
50.—NEW-HOLLAND LARK.
SIZE of the Skylark ; length seven inches. Bill dusky; irides hazel ; plumage in general above pale brown, the feathers darker in the middle; beneath dusky white, with a few dusky streaks on the breast, and obscurely marked with the same; as also the under wing coverts, thighs, and vent; quills black; tail even at the end, brown; the outer feather wholly white on the outer web, with a brown shaft; anda great part of the inner to: one-third from. the point, where it is wholly white; the second the same, but with more white ; all the rest dusky black, but the third has a white streak at the tip; legs pale.
The female has the head and neck alike as far as the breast, but the fore parts paler; from thence to the vent white; the other markings much the same, but the whole darker.
310 LARK.
Inhabits New South Wales; only seen in the winter; has every character of the Lark, and the usual manners of the Genus; but the hind claw is more curved than in many of the species.—In the collection of Mr. Francillon.
51.—NEW-ZEALAND LARK.—PL. cut.
Alauda nove Zealandiz, Ind. Orn. ii. 497. Gm. Lin.i. 799. New-Zealand Lark, Gen. Syn. iv. 384. pl. 51. Shaw’s Zool. x. 532. pl. 43.
LENGTH seven inches and a half. Bill half an inch, pale ash- colour, with the upper part black ; plumage above dusky, the feathers edged with pale ash-colour; over the eye a white streak; through the eye another of mottled black ; fore part of the neck as the back, but much paler; breast and belly white ; vent pale ash-colour; legs reddish, claws black, the hind one almost straight, and half an inch in length.
Inhabits Charlotte Sound, and called Kogoo aroutre.
A.—Alauda nove Zealandie, Ind. Orn. ii. 497. 19. B. Cinereous Lark, Portlock’s Voy. pl. p. 38. Dixon’s Lark, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 228.
Size of the Titlark; length six inches. Bill and legs black; upper parts of the body ash-colour, the under the same, but very pale, inclining to white near the vent; quills and tail black, the outer edges of the quills and outer tail feathers white.
Inhabits New-Zealand ; and except in being smaller, is a mere Variety of the last described.
Pl .cm.
LARK. 311
52.—SHORE LARK.
Alauda alpestris, Ind. Orn. ii. 498. Lin. i. 298. Gm. Lin. i. 800. Borowsk. iii. 201. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 160. Id. Ed. ii. 279.
Alauda campestris gutture flavo, Bartram, Tr. 288.
Virginiana, Bris. iii. 8367. Id. 8vo.i, 412. Klein, 72. Id. Stem. 13. t. 15. f. 5. c. d.
Berglerche, Bechst. Deutsch. iii. p. 801.
Haussecol noir, Buf. v. 55.
Die Alpen-lerche, Gmel. reise, i. p. 52. t. 12.
Shore Lark, Gen. Syn. iv. 385. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 279. Cat. Car. i, pl. 82. Phil. Trans. \xii. 398. Amer. Orn.i. pl. 5. f.4. Shaw’s Zool. x. 530.
SIZE and shape of the Skylark ; length six inches and a half. Bill black; forehead yellow; the plumage above reddish brown, streaked with dusky, darkest on the head ; from the base of the bill arises a patch of yellow, forming a bed on each side, in which the eyes are placed, also a black streak passing under the eye,* and a little way down on the neck; the throat and fore part of the neck are yellow; on the lower part of the neck a broad black band; beneath this all the under parts are very pale yellow; tail coverts pale ferruginous, and two of them nearly as long as the tail; quills and tail dusky, and in both the outermost feather only has a white exterior margin; legs and claws black.
In the female the back is grey, and the stripes darker ; the crown is dusky ; in other things both sexes are alike.
Inhabits North America, where it is migratory ; visits the neigh- bourhood of Albany the beginning of May, but goes farther north to breed: in winter comes in vast flocks into Virginia and Carolina, returning north in spring; feeds, whilst in the more southern parts, on oats, and other grain; and during its stay at Albany, on the grass, and buds of the sprig birch: rans into small holes, and keeps close to the ground, from whence the natives give it the name
* In the Amer. Orn. are mentioned certain long black feathers above the eyebrow, which the bird can erect like horns, but after death not perceivable.
312 LARK.
of Chi-chup-pi-sue. The English call it Ortolan, and reckon it delicious eating. By some called Snow-Bird, as it is very plentiful in that season, and caught in great numbers by horse-hair springes, placed in some bare place, the snow being scraped away, and a little chaff strewed about; is always seen on the ground, and has little or no song.
A.—Alauda flava, Gm. Lin. i. 800. Ind. Orn. ii. 498. 21. B. Frisch, t. 16. Georgi, 173. S. G. Gmel. reise, ii. 52. t. 12.
La Ceinture de Prétre, Buf. v. 61. Pl. eni. 650. 2.
Berglerche, Naturf. xvii. 79.
Schneelerche, Naturf. xxv. 22.
Shore Lark, Gen. Syn. iv. 387. 19. A. Shaw’s Zool. x. 522.
LENGTH five inches and three quarters. Bill lead-colour; forehead, chin, throat, and sides of the head, yellow ; between the bill and eye a black spot, passing under the latter, and uniting with a larger one beneath it ; top of the head and upper parts of the body rufous, and grey brown mixed, spotted with black on the crown; on the breast a broad band of black ; from thence to the vent whitish ; quills grey, edged with darker grey; upper tail coverts yellowish; tail feathers almost black, edged with grey, except the outer ones, which have white edges ; legs lead-colour, hind claw nearly half an inch long, and very little bent.
Inhabits Russia and Siberia* in the winter season, gomg north- ward in spring; is seen in Germany also,t and has been taken at Dantzic both in April and December.t
53.—LOUISIANE LARK.
Alauda Ludoviciana, Ind. Orn. ii. 494. Gm. Lin. i. 793. La Farlouzanne, Buf. v. 38. Louisiane Lark, Gen. Syn.iv. 376. Shaw's Zool. x. 529. LENGTH seven inches. Plumage above greenish and blackish brown mixed, appearing at first sight dull brown; wing coverts
* Decouv. russ. i. 102. Id. iv. 459. &c. + Frisch. + Hist. des Ois.
LARK. 313
and quills blackish brown, the edges paler; throat yellowish grey ; neck and breast the same, spotted with brown ; the rest of the under parts fulvous ; tail as the back, the outer feather half brown, half white, the adjoining one tipped with white.
Inhabits Louisiana, and seems to have great affinity both to the Tit and Field Lark ; and such an one has been brought from North America by General Davies, under the name of Titlark.
54.—RUFOUS-BACKED LARK.
Alauda fulva, Ind. Orn. 11. 492. Gm. Lin. i. 792.
L’ Alouette noire 4 Dos fauve, Buf. v. 23. Pl. enl. 738. 2. L’ Alouette 4 Dos rouge, Voy. d’ Azara, ii. No. 149. Rufous-backed Lark, Gen. Syn. iv. 371. Shaw’s Zool. x. 516.
LENGTH five inches. Bill half an inch long, brown, the upper mandible slightly notched at the tip; head, legs, throat, neck before, body beneath, and upper tail coverts blackish brown; quills and tail somewhat darker, the outer feather of the last edged with rufous; hind part of the neck, the whole of the back, and scapulars rufous orange; lesser and middle wing coverts blackish, edged with fulvous.
Inhabits Buenos Ayres.—M. Azara calls the rufous-orange by the name of carmine red.
55.—RUFOUS LARK.
Alauda rufa, Ind. Orn. ii. 498. Gm. Lin. i. 798.
Petite Alouette de Buenos Ayres, Variole, Buf. v. 63. Pl. enl. 738. 1. Pipit, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. 1xix.
Le Chii, Voy. d’ Azara, iii. No. 146?
Rufous Lark, Gen. Syn. iv. 388, Shaw’s Zool. x. 519.
LENGTH five inches and a quarter. Bill brown; crown and
upper parts of the body blackish, mixed with various tints of rufous; VOL. VI. Ss
314 LARK.
fore part of the neck mixed with the same; throat and all beneath white; greater quills grey, the lesser brown, all of them edged with rafous; tail brown; the eight middle feathers bordered with pale rufous; the two outer with white; legs yellowish.
Inhabits Buenos Ayres, and about the River Plata, in South America.
WAGTAIL. 315
GENUS XLVIIL-—-WAGTAIL.
1 White Wagtail 9 Grey-backed 15 Variegated A Whitish 10 Cinereous | 16 African B Collared A Var. | 17 Dauurian C Var. 11 Grey 18 Tchutscki 2 Specious A Javan | 19 Calcutta 3 Forked B New-Holland 20 Indian 4 Black and white 12 Yellow | 21 Black-headed 5 Pied | A Timor | 22 Rufous-cheeked 6 Aguimp B Pilkey | 23 Green 7 Mournful | 13 Yellow-headed | 24 Hudsonian 8 Southern 14 Cape | 25 Scapular
BILL weak, slender, slightly notched at the tip. Tongue lacerated at the end.
Tail elongated.
Legs slender.
Birds of this Genus frequent the sides of brooks, and have the tail frequently m motion ; their pace running for the most part; fly in an undulating manner, especially if to any distance; seldom perch; have a twittering noise during flight; make the nest either upon the ground, or in a low bush near it. Except the last but one described, none of the Genus are met with in America; and it may be doubted whether either of the two last are true Wagtails.
1.—WHITE WAGTAIL.
Motacilla alba, Ind. Orn.ii. p. 501. Lin. 1. 331. Faun. suec. No. 252. Gm. Lin. i. 960. Scop.i. No. 224. Brun. No.271. Muller, No.272. Kram.373.1. Frisch, t.23. 4. Georgi, p.174. Faun. arag. 88. Sepp. Vog.t. p.119. Raii, p.75. Al. Will.171, pl.42. Bris.iii. 461. Id. 8vo. i. 437. Borowsk. iti. 188. Gerin. iv. t.385. 1. Tem. Man. d’Orn. 144. Id. Ed. ii. 256.
Sylvia pectore nigro, Klein, 78. Id. Stem. 14. t.16. f.6. a.b. Id. Ov. 26. t.10. f. 19.
5 s2
316 WAGTAIL.
Die weisse Backstelze, Naturf. xvii. 102. Schmid, Vog. p. 86. t. 71.
La Lavandiere, Buf. v. 251. t. 14. 1. Pl. enl. 652. f.1. Hist. Prov.i. 496.
Hoche-queue noire et blanche, Ferm. Surin. ii. 183?
Coda tremola, Zinnan. Uov. 51. t. 7. f. 38.
Ballarina, Olin. Uc. t. p. 48.
Bachstelzen, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. 25. t.1—up. fig. Wirs. Vog.t. 21.
White Wagtail, Gen. Syn. iv. 395. Id. Sup.178. Id. Sup.ii. 230. Br. Zool. i. No. 142. pl.55. Jd. fol. 104. Jd. Ed. 1812.1. p. 480. pl. 62. Arct. Zool. ii. 396. B. Will. Engl. p.257. pl.42. Collins, Birds, pl.11. f.1.2. Albin,i. pl. 49. Shaw’s Zool. x. 545. Bewick,i. pl.188. Lewin’s Birds, iii. pl. 95. Walcot’s Birds, ii. pl. 226. Pulé. Dors. p.8. Donov. Birds,i. pl.5. Nat. Mise. pl. 207. Graves’s Br. Orn. Orn. Dict.
THE length of this bird is seven inches, of which the tail is one half. Bill and legs black; irides hazel; hind part of the head, and nape of the neck black; forehead, round the eyes, and sides of the neck white; chin, fore part of the neck, and breast black; upper parts of the body, lesser wing coverts, and rump cinereous, or dusky black; greater wing coverts and second quills dusky, edged with grey; the greater blackish; the second and prime quills nearly of the same Jength ; lower part of the breast and belly white; the eight middle tail feathers black, edged with grey ; the others white, except at the tips of the inner webs, which are dusky.
In the female, the top of the head is brown, and the general plumage dusky where the male is black, inclining more to ash-colour on the back and rump.
This description is of the complete birds in their summer dress, and from various observations it appears, that neither sex gains the black about the head and throat the first season, but as spring comes on, both gradually obtain it, and both equally lose it after incuba- tion; not, perhaps, wholly, for in old subjects some traces are visible at most times, and under this mask have been described as different birds. This circumstance likewise happens in respect to the Grey Species, which is only met with in the Southern and Western parts of England, in the winter months.
WAGTAIL. 317
The White Wagtail frequents watery places for the most part, feeding on flies and other insects ; hence this, and others of the Genus, have been called Washerwomen, and Dishwashers;* it makes the nest on the ground, sometimes in the hole of an old building, + com- posed of dry grass, fine fibres of roots, and moss, lined with hair or feathers ; the eggs as far as five in number, white, spotted with light brown and ash-colour, each weighing about 49 grains,¢ and exactly resembling that of the Cuckow; and this nest is one in which the female Cuckow deposits her egg. It is frequently seen running on the ground, which it does very quick, leaping up often after the flies, &c. when flying too high to admit of their seizing them on its legs.
This is a species very far spread, and found in greater or smaller numbers throughout the Old Continent, where it appears to be more or less migratory : in this kingdom is seen at all times, but much fewer in winter; at which season we are told they are to be met with in the marshes, subject to the flow of the tide, when none are to be found inland ; and in the north of England, and in Scotland they are scarcely ever observed in hard weather.
It is first seen at Gibraltar, and in the neighbouring parts of Spain, im September and October; frequenting all parts of the Isthmus, town, and hill, during winter, attending the cattle with the Grey Species, and Titlark ; is found also in Barbary. Sonnini observes, that it is common in the northern parts of Egypt, but not in the southern.|| We have seen it more than once in Chinese drawings, as well as those from India. It is called at Calcutta, ‘Kunjun ;§ is a common bird in Russia and Siberia, and found also m Kamtschatka, but advances not to the Arctic Regions.
* By the French, Lavandiere, Blanchisseuse.
+ Sometimes on the top of an old pollard tree.—Orn. Dict. + Id.
|| Travels, iii. 199. § In General Hardwicke’s drawings called also Mamola, Abul fezil, and Kunjun (Hind)—said to weigh 133 drachms.
318 WAGTAIL.
A.—Motacilla albida, Gmel. Lin. i. 961. Jacq. Vog. 23. 17, t. 8.
This is said to be whitish ; back, wing coverts, and tail, cinereous ; bill and legs purplish. This appears to be one in imperfect plumage.
B.—Motacilla alba, 8. Gm. Lin. 961. Bergeronette a Collier de Lngon, Son. Voy. 61. pl. 29. Collared Wagtail, Gen. Syn. iv. 396.
This seems to differ very little from the first; but the whole of the neck before is not black, only the lower part and breast; the back ash-colour; across the wing an oblique white bar, from the bastard wing; quills black, edged with white; the outer wholly black ; tail black, with the two outer feathers white.
Inhabits the Island of Manilla; but seems to be the same with our European Species, in one of the changes before observed : such an one, too, we have noticed, which came from Kamtschatka.
C.—Muscicapa alba, Ind. Orn. ii. 490. Mus. Carls. iii. t. 74. White Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 219.
This is wholly white, except a slight tnge of brimstone about the head ; tail long as in the Wagtail. From this circumstance, the slenderness of the bill, and general make of the bird, it appears rather to belong to that Genus than to the Flycatcher, in which Dr. Sparrman has placed it.
Found at Stockholm, and is most probably a Variety of the White Wagtail.
WAGTAIL. 319
2.—SPECIOUS WAGTAIL.
Motacilla speciosa, Lin. Trans. xiii. 155. Horsf. Zool. Res. No.1. pl. in ditto.
THIS is a large species, in length ten inches and a half, of which the tail measures six. Bill black, ten lines in length; colour of the plumage wholly black and white; the feathers of the crown much elongated, forming a crest; these are white, fringed at the sides and tips with black; the rest of the head, neck, breast, and upper half of the back black, with a gloss of purple on the head and breast ; wings black, but the quills incline to brown; across the wing a band of white, from the tips of three or four of the secondaries being of that colour; lower half of the back, the belly, ramp, and vent pure white; the feathers of the hypochondres elongated, and delicately villous; tail greatly forked, the shortest feather bemg little more than one inch long; the outer wholly white; the others white at the ends, and the tips of all of them tending toa point; legs yellowish flesh- colour; hind claw robust, short, curved.
Inhabits Java, there called Cheuginging, or Kingking; it is met with, like most others of the Genus, near small rivulets, picking up worms and insects, and having the actions of our common White Species; it is confined almost entirely to the South Coast, being comparatively rare in other parts.
3.—FORKED WAGTAIL. Motacilla Maderaspatana, Bris. ii. 478. ‘Id. 8vo. i. 441. Forked Wagtail, Ratz, 194. 4. pl.i. f.6. Gen. Syn. iv. 397.
IN this the bill, legs, head, neck, breast, and upper parts of the body, are ash-colour ; across the wing an oblique band of white ; the under parts of the body white; tail considerably forked, the two middle feathers black, the others white, and al] of them pointed at the ends.
320 WAGTAIL.
Inhabits Madras, and supposed by Mr. Ray to be the female of the next described. The size is not mentioned, but by the shape of the tail it may be suspected to belong to the last species.
4.—BLACK AND WHITE WAGTAIL.
Motacilla Maderaspatensis, Ind.Orn. ii. 502. Gm. Lin.i. 961. Black and white Wagtail, Rati, 194.3. pl. 1. f. 1. Gen. Syn. iv. 397.
THE size of this is also uncertain. The bill, legs, and other parts, which are ash-colour in the last, are in this black, and the under white; it has also an oblique white band on the wings; the tail feathers are the same in colour, and in shape, somewhat divided in the middle, but by no means forked, and the feathers are rounded at the ends.
Inhabits Madras with the last, and thought to be the male bird, but this appears to us to be a doubtful circumstance.
5.—PIED WAGTAIL.— PL. civ.
THIS is in size and shape much like the cfirst:species. General colour black ; from the forehead a broad streak of ‘white passes over the eye, to near the nape, on each side; beneath from» the breast white; a broad band of white passes longitudinally through the middle of the wing; the two middle tail feathers black, the others white, and the shape of the tail is rounded at the end; bill and legs dusky.—Inhabits various parts of India.
6.—AGUIMP WAGTAIL. L’Aguimp, ou Lavandiere pie, Levail. Afr. iv. 82.. p. 178.
IN this the general colour of the plumage is black ; chin :and throat white; forehead white, passing over the eyes in a white streak,
‘AYO Td
WAGTAIL. 321
on the middle of the wing a large bed of white, taking in a part of the wing coverts and quills; belly, thighs, and vent white; the two middle tail feathers black, the others with the ends white, most so in proportion as they are more outward; the exterior wholly white, except just at the base. The female is like the male, but smaller.
Inhabits the interior of the Cape of Good Hope, chiefly on the borders of the Orange River, 28 deg. south, but not among the Caffres. The natives call it Aguimp: its cry is hasty, like Pzit, Pzit, Prizizi, Prizizi: has the manners of our species, and might easily be mistaken for it: it perches on trees, but makes the nest on bushes, near rivers, and sometimes in the hollow of a rock, composed of dry plants, mixed with moss, and lined with hay. The hen, sits thirteen days.
In Lord Mountnorris’s collection of drawings are two birds, similar to the above: the first eight inches long; forehead, crown, cheeks, all the under parts, and rump, white; neck behind, and throat black ; the rest of the upper parts lead-colour; on the wing a band of white, the rest of the wing black; some of the feathers margined with white, the ends of the others white.
The second bird has all the upper parts from the bill pale lead- colour ; beneath white ; wings and tail as in the other, but without the white bar on the wing; another of these had much pale yellow in the front, and fore part of the neck, and some black mottlings across the breast.
7.—MOURNFUL WAGTAIL.
Motacilla lugubris, Tem. Man. Ed, ii. 253. aun. rossic.
LENGTH about seven inches. Bill, legs, and irides black; the plumage mostly deep black; forehead, region of the eyes and ears, the belly, and two exterior tail feathers white; flanks dusky ash, in
some black; wings the same, the coverts edged with white. Male VOL. VI. 4b Ge
322 WAGTAIL.
and female much alike: birds of the first year are deep ash-coloured brown, instead of black; in the winter the fore part of the neck is pure white, and on the breast is a crescent of black, the aie tending upwards.
Inhabits the South of Europe, and the warmer parts of France, but neither met with in Switzerland nor Germany ; the manners much the same as in others of the tribe. M.Temminck observes, that the same bird has been killed in Egypt, the Crimea, and in Hungary.
8.—SOUTHERN WAGTAIL.—PL. civ.*
LENGTH nearly seven inches. Bill black, irides hazel ; head, neck, and back, for the most part, slaty black on each side of the forehead.; from the nostrilsa patch of white, communicating with the chin, which is also white; behind the eye another white patch ; under parts from the breast yellowish white; wing coverts white, marked with longish dusky spots; quills brown; tail long, cuneiform, the two middle feathers two inches and a half long, the exterior one inch and a half; colour dusky, with the ends more or less pale, or whitish, the two outer wholly white; legs long, blue black.
TInhabits New-Holland, and has the air and manners of our Common Wagtail.
9.—GREY-BACKED WAGTAIL.
LENGTH seven inches. Bill five-eighths of an inch long, and black, with a very trifling notch at the tip; top of the head to the eyes, neck behind, and beginning of the back, greenish black, and somewhat glossy; the rest of the back, rump, and upper tail coverts, pale, hoary, bluish grey; wings chiefly black, but the inner bend is white, passing in a broad streak to the middle of the wing; the
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WAGTAIL. 323
second quills fringed with white, the greater wholly black ; all the under parts of the bird from chin to vent, also the under wing coverts white; tail three inches long, in shape rounded, the feathers black, the two middle ones fringed with white, and the two outer tipped with white; legs black.
Inhabits Java, and there called Gadagiee.—A specimen in the India House, London, and another in the collection of Lord Stanley.
10.—CINEREOUS WAGTAIL.
Motacilla cinerea, Ind. Orn. ii. 502. Gm. Lin. 961. Bris. iii. 465. t: 25.1. Id. 8vo. i. 437. Gerin. iv. t. 384. f.2. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. 145. Id. Ed. ii. 256.
Bergeronette grise, Buf. v. 261. Pl. enl. 674. 1. Hist. Prov. i. 457.
Cinereous Wagtail, Gen. Syn. iv. 397. Shaw’s Zool. x. 550.
LENGTH nearly seven inches. Bill and legs brown ; upper part of the head, neck, and body, cinereous grey ; the under white ; across the breast a brownish band; wing coverts and second quills dusky, with whitish edges; greater quills blackish brown; tail dusky black, but the outer feather is white, except the base half of the inner web; the second the same, but the webs are white only for one-third, and the inner web black at the end.
The female wants the band on the breast. This is not uncom- mon on the Continent of Europe, but not seen in this kingdom; appears in summer, in some numbers in the pastures, among cattle, retiring to the streams, when flies, and other insects in the fields, become scarce. It differs from ours in making the nest, as it builds on a low willow, or other bush, near the ground, and has two broods in a year.—M. Temminck supposes this to be a young bird of the
White Wagtail. Tr2
324 WAGTAIL.
A.—This is similar to the other, but is sevén inches and a half long; the tail measuring at least four inches ; the six middle feathers are black, the outer one all white, the two next white on the inside, and blackish on the out; the rest of the plumage as in the last described, from which it seems chiefly to differ in the extreme length of the tail.
This appears at Gibraltar at the same season, but in small num- bers, compared with the others, has the same manners, and takes its departure at the same time. Is common in all the deserts of Tartary, and is seen to run like a mouse among the high grass.*
Mr. White considers it as a distinct species. I observed a female in some India drawings, at least seven inches long, above fine blue grey; sides of the head and beneath white; breast and on the ears bluish white, on the former a transverse blackish mark.
11.—GREY WAGTAIL.
Motacilla boarula, Ind. Orn. ii. 502. Lin. Mant. 1771. 527. Gm. Lin.i. 997. Tem Man. d’Orn. p. 145. Id. Ed. ii. p. 257.
Motacilla cinerea, an flava altera, Aldr. Rati, 75. 3. Will. 172. Schef. El. Orn. t. 33. f. 1. Faun. arag. 89.11. Gerin. iv. t. 386. f. 1. & 2.
Motacilla flava, Bris. iti. 471. t. 23.3. Id. 8vo. i. 439. Scop.i. No. 225.
campestris, Pall. It. 3. 696. 15. 16.
Bergeronette jaune, Buf. v. 268. Pl. enl. 28. 1. Hist. Prov.i. 498.
Coda tremola gialla, Zinnan. Uov. 51. t. 7. f. 39.
Gelbe Backstelze, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t. 98.—upper fig. Naturf. xvi. 102?
Yellow Wagtail, Albin, ii. pl. 58.—female.
Grey Wagtail, Gen. Syn. iv. 398. Id. Sup. 178. Edw. pl. 259.—male: Br. Zool. i. No. 144. Id. fol. 105. Id. Ed. 1812.i. 492. Will. Engl. 398. Bewick, Birds, pl. p. 190. Collins, Birds, pl. 12. f.1.2. Lewin, Birds, i. pl. 95. Donov. Birds, pl. 40. Shaw’s Zool. x. 554. pl. 49. Walcot, Birds, ii. pl. 227. Pult. Dors. p. 8. Orn. Dict. Graves’s Br. Orn. v. iii
LENGTH seven inches. Bill and legs brown ; irides hazel ; plumage on the upper parts greenish ash-colour; over the eye a
* Pallas’s Russian List.
WAGTAIL. 325
pale streak ; sides of the head ash-colour; chin and throat black , upper tail coverts and the whole of the under parts of the body yellow ; under tail coverts deep yellow ; wing coverts brown, edged with ash-colour; quills brown; secondaries brown, with a white base, and almost as long as the greater quills; tail three inches and three quarters at least; the outer feather white; the next has the inside and tip white, the outside blackish ; the third nearly the same, but with the inner edge black; the others black, with greenish edges. Male and female differ only in brightness of colour.
The above is the state of winter plumage; about the beginning of March some spots of black are seen on the throat and chin, which increase till those parts are wholly black, except the tips of the feathers, which are slightly edged with white.* It was formerly supposed, that the female differed from the male, in wanting the black on the throat, but this circumstance is now found to be erro- neous, as both sexes are without any black on the throat until February, when the black first breaks out, and in a month none are to be found without it; but in the female this is less conspicuous: these birds retain this characteristic mark during the breeding season, after which it disappears; ‘‘ at this season, the breast and belly of ** the male become of a bright yellow, and the other sex is also ‘« brighter in those parts than in the winter; and each has a white *« streak from the base of the bill, passing down the neck on the edge *¢ of the black.”+
This is a constant resident in Great Britain, but shifts its quarters, according to the season ; it first appears in the more Southern part of the Kingdom, the beginning of October, and remains till about April, frequenting watery places and small streams, for the sake of insects, on which it feeds. That it breeds in the more Northern parts we are well assured, but not nearer than Cumberland, where it appears first in April, and departs in October ;+ makes the nest on the ground,
* Orn. Dict. + Id. + It quits Scotland in winter.—Tour in Scotland, 1769. p- 192, Said to be found about Ashburton, in Devonshire, at all seasons.—-Ornith. Dict.
326 WAGTAIL.
near the water, of dried fibres and moss, lined with hair, feathers, or wool ; the eggs are from six to eight, of a dirty white, marked with yellow spots. It is an elegant species, and found in various parts of the Continent: Linnzeus says, it is gregarious, but with us is rarely in pairs, except just before the time of departure, when they are frequently seen two together ; it is, however, the most numerous of all the ‘species in Gibraltar, attending that place at the same time with the White one, and, like it, is assiduous, all winter and spring, in attending on cattle, catching the flies that annoy their heads and legs. It is called, at Bologna, by the names of Boarola, or Boarina ; is also found at Senegal :* Pallas observed this species, several times, even beyond Lake Baikal, but it is not met with in Russia.
A.—Motacilla Javensis, Bris. iii. 474. t.25. f.2. Id. Svo. i. 440. Bergeronette de Java, Buf. v. 272. Javan Wagtail, Gen. Syn. iv. 399. 4. A. Shaw's Zool. x. 553.
Length seven inches. Head, upper parts of the body, and upper tail coverts olive yellow; throat and neck grey; the rest of the under parts yellow, deepest towards the vent; greater wing coverts brown ; quills the same, but the secondaries are white half way from the base ; the six middle tail feathers blackish ; the two next white within, and at the tips, the outer edge blackish; exterior one white, except for two-thirds down the shaft, where it is blackish; legs grey.
Inhabits the Island of Java.
B.—Motacilla cerulescens, Ind. Orn. Sup. liii. New-Holland Wagtail, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 232. Shaw’s Zool. x. 558.
Size and habit of the Grey Wagtail. Bill and legs black; the tongue bristly at the tip; general colour of the plumage above pale
* Adanson.
WAGTAIL. 327
blue, beneath pale yellow; quills and tail black, the last remarkably long; the bastard wing small, and of a reddish white.
Inhabits New South Wales.
I likewise observe, in Gen. Hardwicke’s collection of drawings, one, which appears as a further Variety: this has a pale streak over the eye, through it a dusky one; sides beneath it paler; the throat white, bounded with a kind of dusky dotted band, arising, no doubt, from the first breaking forth of the black throat feathers, and the bird of course not complete, as in the breeding season: said to be a male.
Found at Cawnpore, in India, in May.
12.— YELLOW WAGTAIL.
Motacilla flava, Ind. Orn. ii. 504. Lin.i. 331. Faun. suec. No. 253. Gm. Lin. i. 963. Brun. No. 273. 274. Muller, No.273. Kramer, 374.2. Frisch, t. 23. Georgi, 174. Faun. arag. 88. Borowsk. iii. 189. Sepp, Vog. t. 103. Rai, 75. A.2. Will. 172. t.68. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. 147. Id. Ed. ii. 260. Lin. Trans. xiii. 156.
Motacilla verna, Bris. i. 468. Jd. 8vo.i. 438. Gerin. iv. 385. 2. 382. 2?
Sylvia flava, Klein, 78. Id. Stem. 16.7. f.7. a—c. Id. Ov. 26. t. 10. f. 18.
Motacilla boarula, Scop. i. 226.
Bergeronette de Printems, Buf. iv. 265. pl, 14. f.1. Pl. ent. 674.2. Hist. Prov. i. 497.
Gelbe Weyer-Backstelze, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t. 72.
Yellow Wagtail, Gen. Syn.iv.400. Id. Sup. 179. Br. Zool. i. No. 143. Id. fol. 105.
Id. Ed. 1812.1. p. 491. pl. 62. Aret. Zool. ii. p. 396. F. Will. Engl. 238, pl. 68. Collins, Birds, pl. 2. f.3. & pl. 4. f.3. Edw. pl. 258. Bewick, Birds, pl. in p- 191. Shaw's Zool. x. 560. Lewin, Birds, ii. pl. 97. Walcot, Birds, ii. pl. 228. Donovan, Birds,i. pl. 15: Pult. Dors. p. 8. Orn. Dict.
THIS is about six inches and a half long, and weighs five drachms. Bill and legs black; irides hazel; the head and upper parts of the body are olive-green, on the throat a few black spots; over the eye a yellow streak; through it a second of dusky; and beneath a third of the latter colour; lesser wing coverts like the back, the others dusky, edged with pale yellow; under parts from the breast bright yellow; quills dusky; tail black, except two of
328 WAGTAIL.
the outer feathers which are half black half white, divided obliquely ; hind claw very long, and not much curved.
The female is less bright in colour, especially beneath. This is a common species in England, and seen in moist meadows, and corn fields, in the summer season, migrating wholly, as may be readily granted, since they are not seen here till the departure of the Grey Species, about April.* These two have no doubt been confounded together by more than one author; for Mr. White, in one place, says, Wagtails, both white, and yellow, remain with us all the winter ;+ and in another, Wagtails of all sorts, remain with us all the winter ;{ and again in the Naturalist Calendar, he hints much the same thing.§ Inthe Linnean Transactions likewise, || they seem not to have been well understood, when it is said, that they are all occasionally seen in the winter, when there is a fine day, or the sun shines bright, &c.
The fact is, that we have but three distinct species in England— the first, or White, which is more or less frequent at all times; the Grey, which is only to be seen from October to April, in the southern parts; and the Yellow only to be met with in the summer months, departing in September; especially frequenting pastures and arable land ; is also partial to bean-fields. *** It makes the nest on the ground, ++ of bents and fibres of roots, with a lining of hair, and lays four or five pale brown eggs, sprinkled all over with a darker shade; in some very obscurely; and weighing 27 grains.
Colonel Montagu observes, in his Ornithological Dictionary, that these birds, ‘appear in considerable flocks in the south of Devon, ‘« im the autumn, in their route of migration, yet it is a rare occur- *« rence that any are seen on their return in spring; and more rare ** for them to breed in that part.
* Dr. Lamb informs us, that he saw at Heckfield, Berks, on the same day, April 26, amale Yellow Wagtail, anda Grey one; but this we believe to bea rare occurrence.
+ Hist. Selb. p. 38. + Id. p. 99. § See pp. 8. & 12. || Vol.i. 126.
** Orn. Dict. tt In holes under fallen trees, and logs.—Frisch.
WAGTAIL. 329
In France it is seen at all times of the year, except the winter is uncommonly severe; changing the uplands for the sides of gentle streams, when food grows scarce in the former. Inhabits also Italy and Spain; appears in Gibraltar with the Wagtail ; extends north- ward all over Russia and Siberia, as well as Kamtschatka, but migrates as in the warmer parts. Scopoli says, that both sexes have the yellow ramp, and at all ages. This has also been brought from India, where it is called Peeluck ;* called in some drawings from thence, the Wagtail of the Dooab; and found at Futtehghur in May. One also, not unlike, found at New South Wales.
A.—Bergeronette de l’Isle de Timor, Buf. v. 275. Timor Wagtail, Gen. Syn. iv. 401. 6. A. Shaw’s Zool. x. 559.
Bill black, rather stout at the base, pointed, and a trifle curved ; plumage above cinereous grey ; beneath yellow; over the eye a line of yellow; greater wing coverts tipped with white, forming a band ; quills and tail black; legs pale red; the hind claw twice the length of either of the others.
Found in the Isle of Timor, in the East Indies.
B.—Length scarcely six inches. Bill pale; top of the head and sides pale blue grey ; nape, neck behind, and back, pale olive-green ; all beneath from the chin pale yellow; near the vent white; from the nostrils a black streak, broader behind; it divides the eye in half, in a straight line, but is considerably below it in the enlarged part, and continues beyond the eye, where it is rounded; wings dusky, all the coverts margined with yellow white; the second quills with
* Peeluck, or Pilluch, is also the Indian name for the Golden Oriole; both, no doubt, arising from the yellow colour, VOL. VI. Uv
330 WAGTAIL.
white; the four middle tail feathers are blackish green, the others white, and even at the end; legs dusky.
Inhabits India; called.a Variety of Pilkey.—Sir J. Anstruther. The Yellow Wagtail is found in Java, and:called there: Bessit.
13.—YELLOW-HEADED WAGTAIL.
Motacilla citreola, Ind. Orn. 11. 504. Gm. Lin. i. 962.: Pall. It. iii. 696. Falck, It. iii. t. 29. Tem. Man. Ed. ii. 259.
Motacilla Sheltobriuscula, Lepech. It. ii. 187. t. 8. f. 1.
Yellow-headed Wagtail, Gen. Syn. iv. 401. Arct. Zool. ii. 397. G. Shaw’s Zool. x. 557.
A TRIFLE larger than the Yellow Species, but not unlike it ; the head, neck, and all beneath, yellow; on the nape a blackish crescent ; the back of a bluish ash-colour; wings and tail as: in the Yellow Wagtail. This is very common in Siberia, even to the Arctic Circle; found also in Russia, but less numerous: has the manners of other Wagtails. It is probably the same bird mentioned by Le- pechin, which was six inches and a half long; the two outer feathers white, streaked with black, in other things like the above mentioned.
A.~ Size of the other. Bill and legs black; head, neck, and under parts pale yellow, marked on the nape with dusky; across the beginning: of the back a transverse band of black, from-thence the back is cinereous grey; the under parts pale yellow; four or more of the middle tail feathers black, the others white.
Inhabits India, and called Pilkey.—From the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther.
Among the drawings of General Hardwicke, are both sexes :— Tn the male the four middle tail feathers are black, the rest white, all
WAGTAIL. 331
equal in length. The female much paler, having no black behind
the neck ; forehead, sides, and throat, pale yellow, mixed with grey.
The young bird is much like the supposed female; but in both, most
of the larger wing coverts are white at the ends, and form a bar;
also the quills in both, are darker coloured than the rest of the wing ;
length six inches and a half; tail two inches and three quarters. Found at Lucknow, in India, in March.
14—CAPE WAGTAIL.
Motacilla Capensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 505. Lin. i. 333. Gm. Lin.i. 979. Bris. iii. 476. t. 25. f.3. Id. 8vo. i. 440,
Bergeronette du Cap. de B. Esp. Buf. v. 273. Pl. enl. 28. 2.
La Lavandiere brune, Levail. Afr.iv. 80. pl. 177.
Cape Wagtail, Gen. Syn.iv. 402. Shaw’s Zool. x. 549.
SIZE of the White Wagtail. Bill and legs dusky; plumage above brown, beneath white, inclining to dusky on the sides; over the eye a whitish streak ; across the breast a dusky band; quills brown, edged with grey; tail black, except the two outer feathers, which have more than half from the end white.
The female is smaller, the colours less pure, and without the black collar. In young birds, neither the collar nor the rufous crown are so well defined.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.—In Levaillant’s figure the quills, as well as the tail, are black. This species is found in great plenty every where, especially round cattle, picking flies from their noses ; sometimes seen in flocks, and is a tame species. It makes the nest on small bushes at the edge of the water ; sometimes on the ground, or a crag projecting into the water; and formed of the roots
of grass, bents, &c. lined with hair; the eggs are four, and fulvous. Uv2
332 WAGTAIL.
15.—VARIEGATED WAGTAIL.
La Lavandiere variée, Levail. Afr.iv. 86. pl. 179.
SIZE of the last. Bill yellowish ; irides brown ; crown of the head and hind part of the neck, bright olive-brown ; upper parts of the plumage much the same; wings dusky, with a whitish spot on the middle of the coverts, the greater ones bordered with white, and a few yellowish markings; the quills have also a mixture of white and yellowish; all the under parts of the body brown, and dusky white; across the breast a black brown collar; the four middle tail feathers black, the others more white as they proceed outward, the exterior one being wholly white, except at the base; the legs rufous.
The female differs from the male in being destitute of a collar.
Inhabits the interior of the Cape of Good Hope, chiefly about the Caffre Country. Manners and incubation unknown. It is probably allied to the last. $
16.—AFRICAN WAGTAIL.
Motacilla Afra, Ind. Orn. ii. 505. Gmil. Lin.i. 962. La petite Bergeronette du Cap. de B. Esp. Buf. v. 274. African Wagtail, Gen. Syn. iv. 402. Shaw's Zool. x. 561.
THIS is smaller than the Cape Wagtail. Bill black, broad at the base, slender at the point, and a little curved; plumage on the upper parts yellowish brown; beneath the body yellow, except the under tail coverts, which are white; over the eye a streak of white; the tail is half the length of the bird, and black; legs black, the hind claw largest.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.
WAGTAIL. 333
17.—DAUURIAN WAGTAIL.
Motacilla melanopa, Ind. Orn. ii. 503. Pall. Zt. iii. 696. Gm. Lin. i. 997, Dauurian Wagtail, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 231. Shaw’s Zool. x. 513.
THIS is smaller than the Yellow Wagtail, but has the habit of that bird, and the legs are smaller in proportion ; the plumage in general bluish ash above, beneath yellow; lore and throat black ; over the eye a streak of white, beginning at the gape; the three outer tail feathers white, except the outer margins, which are black.
Inhabits the interior borders of Dauuria.
18.—TCHUTSCHI WAGTAIL.
Motacilla Tchutschensis, Ind. Orn. ii. 505. Gm. Lin. i. 962.
Tchutschi Wagtail, Gen. Syn. iv. 403. Arct. Zool. ii. 397. H. Shaw’s Zool. x. 548.
CROWN of the head, and back deep olive-brown; on the lore a white spot ; wing coverts and prime quills deep brown; the first crossed with two bars of white; breast and belly white, dashed with rust-colour ; vent pale yellow ; tail very long, the whole of the outer, and half of the inner, web of the exterior feather white, the rest dusky ; legs black.—Found off the Tchutschi Coast.
19.—CALCUTTA WAGTAIL.
SIZE of our Grey Wagtail; length seven inches and a half. Bill black; plumage in general above fine blue slate-colour, beneath pale yellow ; rump yellowish ; from the nostrils to the eye a slender blue line; sides,round the eye otherwise white; under the chin, on the throat, a patch of black ; wings chocolate brown, edges of some of the feathers pale ; tail even, near three inches long, all the feathers tending to a sharp point at the end; colour ash, with pale margins; some of the outer ones white on the outer webs; legs pale brown.
334 WAGTAIL.
Inhabits India. Comes near Calcutta in cold seasons, and goes away some time after the hot season has commenced, and during rains; retires to the hills to breed.—Dr. Buchanan.
20.—INDIAN WAGTAIL.
Motacilla Indica, Ind. Orn. 11. 503. Gm. Lin. i. 962. Bergeronette grise des Indes, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 207. Indian Wagtail, Gen. Syn. iv. 399. Shaw’s Zool. x. 563.
BILL pale rufous; irides yellow, head, neck behind, back, and rump, dirty greenish grey; throat, breast, and belly, very pale yellow; thighs and vent white; on the breast two curved bands of black, joing at their ends, and united in the middle by a line of the same; lesser wing coverts like the back, the others yellow; the second quills part brown, part yellow; prime quills dirty brown, with yellow edges; the two middle tail feathers greenish grey, the two outer white; the others blackish brown; legs pale rufous.
Inhabits India.
21.—BLACK-HEADED WAGTAIL.
THIS is much the same in size and shape as the Yellow Wagtail, but some are smaller; length five inches and a half. Bill and legs dusky; gape yellow; top of the head, including the eyes, and the neck behind, black ; back olive-yellow, paler on the rump ; chin white, continued in a streak on each side, and bounding the black ; all beneath from the chin fine yellow; thighs pale grey; on the sides over them a dusky streak; tail even, four of the middle feathers black, the others white.—One, supposed a female, had the top and sides of the head pale ash-colour; back paler; chin pale; the rest of the under parts and tail as in the male. In both the feathers of the wings are margined with yellow.
Inhabits India, met with at Cawnpore, in March.—General Hardwicke.
WAGTAIL. 330
22.—RUFOUS-CHEEKED WAGTATIL.
SIZE of the White Wagtail; length six inches.and a half. Bill rather more stout than in that species, and dusky, with the base somewhat broad; plumage in general above brown; sides of the head under the eye, pale rafous; on the: chin: and: throat a: slight tinge of the same; the rest of the under parts: white, passing om each side of the neck, but not quite to the back: part; wings as:the back, the four first quills nearly equal in length, but thie first’ somewhat shorter ; tail three inches long, much rounded, or slightly cuneiform; the feathers rather pomted at the ends; the outer one about half an inch shorter; colour rather darker than the wings, which, when closed, reach about one-fourth of the length ; legs somewhat strong, one inch long, the joint fully covered with feathers, colour brown, claws crooked, moderate in size.
From the collection of Lord Stanley. Native place uncertain.
23:—GREEN WAGTAIL.
Motacilla viridis, Ind. Orn. ii. 505. Gm. Lin. i. 962. Green Wagtail; Gen. Syn. iv. 403.. Brown, Ill. 86. pl. 33.. Shaw’s Zool.-x. 51.
LENGTH four inches. Head cinereous; neck, back, and breast} pale green; wings and tail cmereous, edged with white; belly white. Inhabits Ceylon.
24,—-HUDSONIAN WAGTAIL.
Motacilla Hudsonica, Ind. Orn. ii. 503. Vieill. Am. ii. p. 47.
Hudsonian Wagtail, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 231. Shaw’s Zool. x. 552.
LENGTH six inches. Bill somewhat stout, yellowish brown; plumage above brown, the feathers margined with ferruginous ; chin and throat pale ferruginous, streaked with dusky; breast; belly; and
336 | WAGTAIL.
vent, dusky white; quills dusky; second quills edged with ferru- ginous; tail three inches long, even at the end, the outmost feather white ; the next white, with the inner margin brown; the third dusky, with a slender streak of white down the middle; the others plain dusky ; legs brown.
Inhabits Hudson’s Bay, and known there by the name of Puck- i-tow-o-shish. Independent of the above, we do not know of any of the Wagtail kind found in America. We have seen but one specimen of this, which although it had every general appearance of the Wagtail, the bill was certainly of a stouter make than we have observed before in others of the Genus.
25.—SCAPULAR WAGTAIL.
Jora scapularis, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 102. Turdus scapularis, Lin. Trans. xii. p. 311.
LENGTH five inches. Bill rather stout, a little compressed towards the tip, and a trifle bent; nostrils oval, small, placed in an elongated hollow; plumage in general greenish yellow ; breast and belly yellow; wings short; quills dusky, edged on the outer margins with yellowish, and on the inner with white; tail elongated, even at the end, exterior feathers pale on the edges ; hind claw rather stout.
Inhabits Java, and Sumatra ; feeds on insects, and is there called Chito. This and the Hudsonian seem to tally somewhat in the make of the bill, and elongated tail, approaching so much to the Wagtail, that we think ourselves scarcely justified to attach them to any other Genus.
END OF VOL. VI.
JACOB AND JOHNSON, PRINTERS, WINCHESTER.
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